Chapter 3 terms

The Canton Trade

(1757-1842) served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton (now Guangzhou).

Nurhachi

1st emperor of the Qing dynasty created a Manchu state, shifting from tribal bureaucratic organization Invented the Banner system and divided the population into these (military units, originally 4) In 1616, rebelled against Ming tributary relationship In 1618, attacked the Ming in the Liaodong peninsula ordered the construction of Manchu script, derived from Mongol script

Taiwan

Following the death of Zheng Jing in 1681, the Qing dynasty seized the advantage presented by the struggle for succession and dispatched their navy with Shi Lang at its head to destroy the Zheng fleet off the Penghu Islands. In 1683 following the Battle of Penghu, Qing troops landed in Taiwan. Zheng Keshuang gave in to Qing demands for surrender, and his Kingdom of Tungning was incorporated into the Qing Empire as part of Fujian Province, thereby ending two decades of rule by the Zheng family.[1] The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty annexed Taiwan to remove any threat to his dynasty from remaining resistance forces on the island. However, Qing authorities did not want to develop Taiwan over aggressively as this might have encouraged potential resistances force to build a base there. Accordingly, the early Qing dynasty initially ruled Taiwan passively as part of Fujian, until work began to create a separate province in 1885.

Kangxi's sixteen sacred edicts

In 1670, when the Kangxi Emperor was sixteen years old, he issued the Sacred Edict consisting of sixteen maxims, each seven characters long, to instruct the average citizen in the basic principles of Confucian orthodoxy. They were to be publicly posted in every town and village, then read aloud two times each month. Since they were written in terse formal classical Chinese, a local scholar was required explicate them using the local dialect of the spoken language. This practice continued into the 20th century. In 1724, the second year of his reign, the Yongzheng Emperor issued the Shengyu guangxun in 10,000 characters. Evidently worried that the seven character lines of his father's maxims could not be understood by local people, the Yongzheng Emperor's Amplified Instructions explains "Our text attempts to be clear and precise; our words, for the most part, are direct and simple." The prose is relatively easy to understand for those with a beginning understanding of the literary language. The Amplified Instructions was also published in a Manchu translation and then in a combined Chinese, Manchu, Mongol version.

The dream of the Red Chamber

It was written sometime in the middle of the 18th century during the Qing dynasty. Long considered a masterpiece of Chinese literature, the novel is generally acknowledged to be the pinnacle of Chinese fiction.[1] "Redology" is the field of study devoted exclusively to this work.[2] Red Chamber is believed to be semi-autobiographical, mirroring the rise and decline of author Cao Xueqin's own family and, by extension, of the Qing Dynasty.[4] As the author details in the first chapter, it is intended to be a memorial to the damsels he knew in his youth: friends, relatives and servants. The novel is remarkable not only for its huge cast of characters and psychological scope, but also for its precise and detailed observation of the life and social structures typical of 18th-century Chinese society.[5]

the manchus or Qing dynasty

Peopleor barbarians, native to manchuria, who seized power in 1644 and ruled the Qing dynasty. Dynasty ruled by manchu rulers that overthrew the ming in 1644-1912, last dynasty in china. Manchuria was not land of china,

Qianlong Emperor

The Qianlong Emperor was the longest reigning de-facto and last greatest emperor ruling from 1736-1796. He was a strong military leader and very cultured compared to previous rulers. He helped China reach its peak economically and geographically. Under the Qianlong Emperor, China experienced an extended period of peace and prosperity as the population continued to grow immensely. • Another long-lived Qing emperor who rule for nearly 60 years • Interest in painting, calligraphy, poetry • Image of both a Chinese sage emperor and at the same time a Manchu warrior reign marred by abuse of power-spoiling a manchu bodyguard-resulted in the rise of corruption

the Zunghars

The Zunghars were a tribal people based to the west of China, whose territorial expansion in the late 17th century under a leader named Galdan attracted the concern of the Kangxi Emperor and led to the Qing Dynasty launching campaigns against them. They were devout followers of Tibetan Buddhism, and of the Dalai Lama in particular.

Dorgan

The first bearer of the title was Dorgon (1612-1650), the 14th son of Nurhaci, the founder of the Qing dynasty. He was awarded the title in 1636 by his half-brother, Huangtaiji, who succeeded their father as the ruler of the Qing Empire. After Dorgon's death, the Shunzhi Emperor abolished the Prince Rui peerage. In 1778, the Qianlong Emperor not only restored the Prince Rui peerage, but also granted it "iron-cap" status. Chunying (died 1800), a sixth-generation descendant of Dorgon's younger brother, Dodo, was selected to inherit the Prince Rui title. The title was passed down over 12 generations and held by eight persons.

Li Zicheng

also known by the nickname, "Dashing King",[1] was a Chinese rebel leader who overthrew the Ming dynasty in 1644 and ruled over China briefly as the emperor of the short-lived Shun dynasty before his death a year later. According to folklore, in 1630, Li was put on public display in an iron collar and shackles for his failure to repay loans to a usurious magistrate, Ai. Ai struck a guard who offered shade and water to Li, whence a group of peasants friendly to Li tore apart Li's shackles, spirited him to a nearby hill, and proclaimed him their leader. Although they were only armed with wooden sticks, Li and his band managed to ambush a group of government soldiers sent to arrest them, and obtained their first real weapons.

The Scholars

is a Chinese novel authored by Wu Jingzi and completed in 1750 during the Qing dynasty. It is considered one of the six classics of Chinese literature. Set in the Ming period, The Scholars describes and often satirizes scholars in a vernacular style now called báihuà. The first and last chapters portray recluses, but most of the loosely connected stories that form the bulk of the novel are didactic and satiric stories, on the one hand holding up exemplary Confucian behavior, but on the other ridiculing over-ambitious scholars and criticizing the civil service examination system.

Strange tales from a Chinese studio

is a collection of Classical Chinese stories by Pu Songling comprising close to five hundred "marvel tales"[1] in the zhiguai and chuanqi styles which serve to implicitly criticise societal issues then. Dating back to the Qing dynasty, its earliest publication date is given as 1740. Since then, many of the critically lauded stories have been adapted for other media such as film and television.

Neo-Confucianism

is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu and Li Ao (772-841) in the Tang Dynasty, and became prominent during the Song and Ming dynasties. Neo-Confucianism was an attempt to create a more rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by rejecting superstitious and mystical elements of Taoism and Buddhism that had influenced Confucianism during and after the Han Dynasty.[1] Although the Neo-Confucianists were critical of Taoism and Buddhism,[2] the two did have an influence on the philosophy, and the Neo-Confucianists borrowed terms and concepts from both. However, unlike the Buddhists and Taoists, who saw metaphysics as a catalyst for spiritual development, religious enlightenment, and immortality, the Neo-Confucianists used metaphysics as a guide for developing a rationalist ethical philosophy.[3]

Xinjiang

is a provincial-level autonomous region of China in the northwest of the country. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and the eighth largest country subdivision in the world, spanning over 1.6 million km2 (640,000 square miles).

Chinoiserie

is the European interpretation and imitation of Chinese and East Asian artistic traditions, especially in the decorative arts, garden design, architecture, literature, theatre, and music. The aesthetic of Chinoiserie has been expressed in different ways depending on the region. Its acknowledgement derives from the current of Orientalism, which studied Far East cultures from a historical, philological, anthropological, philosophical and religious point of view. First appearing in the 17th century, this trend was popularized in the 18th century due to the rise in trade with China and East Asia.

the banner system

military units, first instituted by Nurhachi. It started out as 4 groups with solid colors and later added up to 8 groups as the Manchu army got larger. Each group had its own military costume.fighting force,

the queue

showed the government that you were loyal to the Qing Dynasty or the manchus. shave your forehead and braid your hair "lose your hair or your head"

Abahai

sometimes written as Huang Taiji and also referred to as Abahai in Western literature, was an Emperor of the Qing dynasty. He was responsible for consolidating the empire that his father Nurhaci had founded and laid the groundwork for the conquest of the Ming dynasty, although he died before this was accomplished. He was also responsible for changing the name of his people from Jurchen to Manchu in 1635, as well as that of the dynasty from Later Jin to Qing in 1636. The Qing dynasty lasted until 1912. Because his father, Nurhaci, did not assume an imperial title while alive, Hong Taiji is sometimes considered to be the first Qing emperor, but because Nurhaci was posthumously awarded the imperial title, Hong Taiji is usually called the second emperor of the Qing.

Zheng Chenggong

was a Chinese Ming loyalist who resisted the Qing conquest of China in the 17th century, fighting them on China's southeastern coast. AKA (Koxinga). In 1661, Koxinga defeated the Dutch outposts on Formosa,[2] and established a dynasty which ruled the island as the Kingdom of Tungning from 1661 to 1683.

Wu Sangui

was a Chinese military general who was instrumental in the fall of the Ming Dynasty and the establishment of the Qing Dynasty in 1644. Considered by traditional scholars as a traitor to both Ming, and ultimately, Qing, in 1678 Wu declared himself Emperor of China and ruler of the "Great Zhou", but his revolt was eventually quelled by the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. Invited Manchus into China to try and claim help in stabilizing Beijing. known as the number one Chinese trader in history.

Cohong

was a guild of Chinese merchants or hongs who operated the import-export monopoly in Canton (now Guangzhou) during the Qing dynasty (1644-1911).

Revolt of the three feudatories

was a rebellion lasting from 1673 to 1681 in the Qing dynasty (1644-1912) during the early reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661-1722). The revolt was led by the three lords of the fiefdoms in Yunnan, Guangdong and Fujian provinces against the Qing central government. Yunnan, Guangdong and Fujian provinces united to fight against Manchu

Matteo Ricci

was an Italian Jesuit priest and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions. His 1602 map of the world in Chinese characters introduced the findings of European exploration to East Asia. He is considered a Servant of God in Roman Catholicism. Ricci arrived at the Portuguese settlement of Macau in 1582 where he began his missionary work in China. He became the first European to enter the Forbidden City of Beijing in 1601 when invited by the Wanli Emperor, who sought his selected services in matters such as court astronomy and calendrical science. He converted several prominent Chinese officials to Catholicism, such as his colleague Xu Guangqi, who aided in translating Euclid's Elements into Chinese as well as the Confucian classics into Latin for the first time.

The Scholar-Gentry

were politicians and government officials appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day political duties from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. After the Sui dynasty these officials mostly came from the scholar-gentry who had earned academic degrees by passing the imperial examinations. The scholar-officials were schooled in calligraphy and Confucian texts. They dominated the government and local life of China until the mid-20th century.

Kangxi Emperor

• 1661-1722, 61 years, longest emperor of china. known as the greatest ruler of China Made the dynasty acceptable to Chinese population by continuing the confucian rule with the sacred edicts-year imperial reign! • Each of the Six Boards had Chinese bureaucrat and Manchu bannerman as ministers • Manchus appointed to most important post • Interest in Western Math, science, mechanical devices, etc.

Yongzheng Emperor

• Focused on rationalizing the Ming system of taxes and fees, which was very successful • Prohibited hereditary servile status (allowed for social change between generations) -Shortest reign of the three, only 13 years , he tightened the bureaucracy and curbed Manchu aristocrat's power. Stabilized China's fiscal position and tax policies. Forbade hereditary servile status.