Chapter 3 Test
What were some of the port cities that grew during this period of increased commerce?
Boston, New York, Newport, Providence and Philly, as well as Charles Town in South Carolina.
What was the Glorious Revolution and what facilitated it?
In 1688, James's Catholic wife gave birth to a son, raising the prospect of a Catholic heir to the throne. •To forestall such an event, Protestant Parliamentary leaders carried out a bloodless coup known as the Glorious Revolution.•Mary, James's daughter from his first wife, and her husband, William of Orange, were enthroned.•Queen Mary II and William III agreed to rule as constitutional monarchs loyal to the "protestant reformed religion" and accepted a bill of rights that limited royal prerogatives and increased personal liberties and parliamentary powers. •Parliamentary leaders relied on John Locke's Two Treatises on Government (1690) to justify their coup. Locke rejected the divine right theory of monarchical rule.•Locke's celebration of individual rights and representative government had a lasting influence in America.•The Glorious Revolution sparked colonial rebellions against royal governments in MA, MD, and NY.•In 1689, Andros was shipped back to England, and the new monarchs broke up the Dominion of New England. •In NY the rebellion against the Dominion of New England began a decade of violent political conflict.•The uprisings in Boston and NY toppled the authoritarian Dominion of NE and won the restoration of internal self-government.
What factors led to a more lenient enforcement of colonial trade laws?
In England the new constitutional monarchs promoted an empire based on commerce; Parliament created the new Board of Trade (1696) to supervise the American settlements, but had little success. The overall result was a period of lax administration.
What were the so-called Restoration Colonies?
Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Carolinas, New Hampshire,Nova Scotia, Georgia
What effect does England's expansion into Georgia in 1732 have on its relationship with Spain?
This outrages Spanish officials, who were already upset about English economic activity within their colonies (slave trading and selling manufactured goods). Britain and Spain would go to War in 1739 in what became known as the War of Jenkins' Ear, which was part of a larger European conflict- the War of Austrian Succession
What was the Dominion of New England and what were the circumstances that led to its organization?
When James II succeeded to the throne, his insistence on the "divine right" of kings prompted English officials to create a centralized imperial system in America.•In 1686 Connecticut and Rhode Island colonies were merged with those of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth to form the Dominion of New England, a royal province.•Two years later, New York and New Jersey were added to the Dominion.
What was the experience of the Middle Passage?
•African slaves who were forced to endure the Middle Passage, the ship journey from Africa to the Americas, suffered the bleakest fate; many were literally worked to death after reaching the sugar plantations.
Describe some of the characteristics of southern gentry society.
•As the southern colonies became slave societies, life changed for whites as well as blacks.•As men lived longer, patriarchy within the family reappeared.•The planter elite exercised authority over black slaves and yeoman- the American equivalent of oppressed peasants and serfs of Europe.•To prevent rebellion, the southern gentry paid attention to the concerns of middling and poor whites.•By 1770 the majority of English Chesapeake families owned a slave, giving them a stake in the exploitative labor system. •Taxes were gradually reduced for poorer whites, and poor yeoman and some tenants were allowed to vote.•In return, the planter elite expected the yeomen and tenants to elect them to office and defer to their power.•By the 1720s the gentry took on the trappings of wealth, modeling themselves after the English aristocracy, and practicing gentility, a refined but elaborate lifestyle. •The profits of the South Atlantic system helped to form an increasingly well-educated, refined, and stable ruling class.
What examples are there of the conflict between England and France spilling over into the colonies?
•Between 1689 and 1815, Britain and France fought wars for dominance of Western Europe.•As the wars spread to the Americas, they involved a number of Native American groups armed with European weapons.•The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) pitted Britain against France and Spain and prompted English settlers in the Carolinas to attack Spanish Florida. (Queen Anne's War was the portion of this war fought in the colonies.) •So that they might help to protect their English settlement, whites in the Carolinas armed the Creek peoples to fend off French and Spanish attacks.•The Creeks took this opportunity to become the dominant tribe in the region.•Indians also played a central role in the fighting in the Northeast, aided by the French, the Abenakis and Mohawks took revenge on the Puritans, attacking settlements in Massachusetts and Maine. •New Englanders responded by joining British forces in attacks on French strongholds in Nova Scotia and Quebec. •The New York frontier remained quiet because of the fur trade and the Iroquois' policy of "aggressive neutrality"; trading with the British and the French but refusing to fight for either side.•Britain used victories in Europe to win territorial and commercial concessions in the Americas in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713). Britain obtained Newfoundland, Acadia, and the Hudson Bay region of northern Canada from France and access to the western Indian trade. •The treaty solidified Britain's supremacy and brought peace to North America.
What laws relating to the colonies were passed to support England's growing mercantilist philosophy?
•Collectively, they became known as the Navigation Acts. •In the 1650s the English government imposed mercantilism, via the Navigation Acts, which regulated colonial commerce and manufacturing. •The Revenue Act of 1673 imposed a "plantation duty" on sugar and tobacco exports and created a staff of customs officials to enforce the mercantilist laws. "Lords of Trade"•In commercial wars between 1652 and 1674, the English ended Dutch supremacy in the West African slave trade. The English also dominated North Atlantic commerce.•Navigation Act of 1660- all colonial trade to be carried in English ships with at least ¾ of the crew English
How did colonists generally react to these laws?
•Many Americans resisted the mercantilist laws as burdensome and intrusive. To enforce the laws, the Lords of Trade pursued a punitive legal strategy: •in 1679, they denied the claim of Massachusetts to New Hampshire's territory, instead creating NH as a separate colony. In 1684, they annulled Massachusetts's charter.
What were some of the successful economic activities of South Carolina?
•Migrants from Barbados came and used slaves to raise cattle and food crops for exports to the West Indies; •Developed lucrative trade with Native Americans exchanging English manufactures with deerskins.•Rice and indigo would develop into lucrative cash crops.•Slavery was at the core of South Carolina's economy, both African and Native American.
Describe how the success of the plantations in the Caribbean islands affected the New England economy.
•New England farmers supplied the sugar islands with bread, lumber, fish and meat as the West Indies served as a ready-made market for New England products. •Massachusetts distillers bought West Indian molasses and distilled rum- lots of it.•Shipbuilding became a dominant industry in New England because of the abundant trade with the W.I.•The success of sugar in the West Indies help propel the first American merchant fortunes as manufacturers refined raw sugar into loaves and molasses into rum.
Who was William Penn and how were his viewpoints differ from other colonial proprietors and leading figures?
•Pennsylvania, designed as a refuge for Quakers persecuted in England, developed a pacifistic policy toward the Native Americans and became prosperous.•Quakers believed that people were imbued by God with an inner light of grace and understanding that opened salvation to everyone.•Penn's Frame of Government (1681) guaranteed religious freedom for all Christians and allowed all property-owning men to vote and hold office. •Ethnic diversity, pacifism, and freedom of conscience made PA the most open and democratic of the Restoration colonies.
Describe and compare the growth of slavery in the Chesapeake region to that in South Carolina.
•Planters in VA and MD took advantage of the increased British trade in slaves, importing thousands of slaves and creating a new "slave society."•Slavery was increasingly defined in racial terms; in VA virtually all resident Africans were considered slaves.•Living and working conditions in MD and VA allowed slaves to live relatively long lives.•Some tobacco planters tried to increase their workforce through reproduction, purchasing female slaves and encouraging large families. •By the middle of the 1700s, slaves constituted over 30 percent of the Chesapeake population, and over ¾ of them were African born. •South Carolina slaves were much more oppressed. Growing rice required work amid pools of putrid water, and mosquito-borne epidemic diseases took thousands of African lives. •The slave population in South Carolina suffered many deaths and had few births; therefore, the importation of new slaves "re-Africanized" the black population. •Slaves initially did not regard one another as "Africans" or "blacks" but as members of a specific family, clan, or people.•The acquisition of a common language and a more equal gender ratio were prerequisites for the creation of an African American community.•As enslaved blacks forged a new identity in America, their lives continued to be shaped by their African past, influencing decorative motifs, housing design, and religious patterns. •By the middle of the 1700s, slaves constituted over 30 percent of the Chesapeake population, and over ¾ of them were African born. •South Carolina slaves were much more oppressed. Growing rice required work amid pools of putrid water, and mosquito-borne epidemic diseases took thousands of African lives. •The slave population in South Carolina suffered many deaths and had few births; therefore, the importation of new slaves "re-Africanized" the black population.
Outline and describe the different ranks within a typical seaport city society.
•Prosperous merchants were the highest ranking members of seaport society- they built beautiful homes and imported fine possessions from Europe.•Artisans and shopkeepers made up the next level of seaport society.•Laboring men and women formed the lowest rung of this society, other than the slaves that existed.
Describe the factors that led to rise of colonial assemblies.
•Representative assemblies in the colonies followed the example of the English Whigs limiting the power of royal officials, sometimes refusing to allocate money to the appointed royal governor. Having control over governors' salaries gave them leverage. Having control of expenditures and the budget also translated into increased power. They also held the power to initiate legislation. •The masses in colonial America would not follow unpopular edicts, as purposeful crowd actions were common. The colonies being so far away contributed to their growing autonomy.•The colonial elite led these increasingly powerful assemblies, with input from the common people•Walpole's policy of salutary neglect unintentionally increased the power of colonial assemblies. Colonial legislators complained that royal governors abused their patronage powers leading the legislators to strengthen the powers of representative assemblies.
Describe the rule of Governor Andros over the Dominion of New England.
•Sir Edmund Andros, governor of the Dominion, was empowered to abolish existing legislative assemblies and rule by decree.•Andros advocated the worship in the Church of England, banned town meetings, and challenged land titles.
Identify key elements of the emergence of a distinct African American culture.
•Slaves initially did not regard one another as "Africans" or "blacks" but as members of a specific family, clan, or people.•The acquisition of a common language and a more equal gender ratio were prerequisites for the creation of an African American community.•As enslaved blacks forged a new identity in America, their lives continued to be shaped by their African past, influencing decorative motifs, housing design, and religious patterns. Slaves in the Chesapeake - more American-born slaves and eventually gave up their African languages- combination of African and English languages- Gullah- developed and became part of a distinct African American culture.
Describe the effects of the success of sugar plantations in the West Indies.
•Sugar was the most profitable crop in Europe and America.•As a result of the Navigation Acts, by 1750 re-exports of America sugar and tobacco accounted for half of all British exports.•The South Atlantic system brought wealth to the European economy, but it brought economic decline, political change and human tragedy to West Africa and parts of East Africa.
What was the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina? Why did the system it was meant to engender not take hold in the Carolinas?
•The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669) prescribed a manorial system with nobility and serfs that were governed by a small number of powerful nobles. •Poor families in NC refused to work on large manors and chose to live on modest farms. •South Carolinians imposed their own design of government and attacked Indian settlements to acquire slaves for trade.
Describe the characteristics of the South Atlantic System.
•The South Atlantic system had its center in Brazil and the West Indies, sugar was its main product. •European merchants, investors, and planters ran the system in that they provided the organizational skill, ships, and money needed to grow and process sugarcane, carry the refined sugar to market, and supply the plantations with European tools and equipment.•To provide labor for the sugar plantations, the British and French developed African-run slave catching systems that extended far into the interior of Africa. They transported about 10,000 Africans per year to the Americas.•Beginning in the 1620s, Dutch merchants introduced the sugar cultivation to English and French settlements in the West Indies, and a "sugar revolution" quickly transformed their economies.
Describe some of of the ways in which the American economy was not operating according to England's mercantilist policy. What steps did the mother country take to remedy this? How successful were these steps?
•The colonies were increasingly encroaching into the area of manufacturing, which ran counter to the policy of mercantilism, which had the mother country manufacturing goods for sale in the colonies. Laws such as the Woolen Act (1699), the Hat Act (1732), and the Iron Act (1750) were designed to curb such manufacturing enterprise in the colonies •A loophole in the Navigation Act allowed the colonial merchants to control 95% of the trade between the mainland and the West Indies and 75% of the transatlantic trade of manufactures. •When the colonies increased their trade with the French West Indies for molasses, Parliament passed the Molasses Act of 1733, placing a high tariff on French molasses. •For the most part, these measures did not work, as the colonies continued to defy, smuggle, and act autonomously.
What factors influenced how slaves were treated by their owners.
•The extent of the violence toward slaves depended on the size and density of the slave population; a smaller slave population meant less violence, while predominantly African-populated colonies suffered more violence.•Slaves who worked on small farms along with the slave owner would tend to receive better treatment as the small farmer relied on the slave more than one with a large plantation and 150 slaves would depend on one individual slave
Describe the practice of slavery as it existed in Africa. What were some effects that slavery had on African society?
•The slave trade changed West African society by promoting centralized states and military conquests by Kingdoms such as Barsally, Dahomey, and Asante.•Many of these African kingdoms participated in the slave trade in order to gain wealth and power. Others, such as Benin, opposed the trade in male slaves for over a century. •In many African societies, class divisions hardened as people of noble birth enslaved and sold those of lesser status. •The imbalance of the sexes that resulted from slave trading allowed some African men to take several wives, changing the nature of marriage. •The Atlantic slave trade prompted harsher forms of slavery in Africa, eroding the dignity of human life there and in the Western hemisphere.
Explain how Robert Walpole's leadership within the House of Commons leads to the policy of "salutary neglect."
•Walpole employed large-scale patronage in exchange for parliamentary approval for his policies. Many of his appointments to the Board of Trade in the colonies were "political hacks" who were not up to the job of regulating trade in the colonies.•Walpole also held the belief that the colonies, if let alone, would export the needed raw materials (timber, tobacco, rice and indigo) to England while buying various manufactures from the mother country.•Walpole was blind to the fact that this increased autonomy would lead to more independence and eventually, revolution.
Why is it probably not surprising that one of the most significant slave revolts (Stono Rebellion) occurred in South Carolina?
•slaves in SC tended to much harsher than in the colonies to the North such as Virginia or Maryland.•Carolina was •The Stone Rebellion (1739) in SC was the largest slave uprising of the 18th century.•White militiamen killed many of the Stono rebels and dispersed the rest, preventing a general uprising.
