Chapter 30

cycadophyta

-predominantly tropical and sub-tropical locations, many species are endangered or threatened -leaves resemble palm tree leaves -produce large conspicuous conelike structures bearing either ovules and seeds or pollen -coralloid roots

ginkgophyta

-represented by only one remaining species -produce foul-smelling tissue around seeds -is likely extinct in the wild

coniferophyta

-tough scalelike or needle-like leaves -form extensive forests in the northern hemisphere -produce relatively simple male cones and more complex female cones

typical angiosperm life cycle.

1. The flowering plant is the diploid sporophyte generation 2. in the anther the microsporangia produce microspores by meiosis. In the ovule, the megasporangium produced megaspores by meiosis but only 1 survives. 3. Haploid microspores undergo mitosis to produce immature male gametophytes (pollen). The megaspore undergoes mitosis to produce a few-celled female gametophyte 4. Pollen germinates on the stigma, producing a pollen tube. This tube delivers 2 sperm to the ovule 5. In a double fertilization process, one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other fuses with the 2 gametophyte nuclei to form the first endosperm cell

The route followed by a sperm from production to fertilization in a flowering plant is: A sperm cell, enclosed in a pollen grain with another sperm, is produced in the filament, transported to a stigma where it passes through a pollen tube that grows down the style to the ovary, enters the ovule and joins with the egg cell. A sperm cell is produced in the anther, transported to a stigma where it becomes enclosed along with another sperm cell into a pollen grain that grows down the style to the ovary, enters the ovule and joins with the egg cell. A sperm cell, enclosed in a pollen grain with another sperm, is produced in the anther, transported to a stigma where it passes through a pollen tube that grows down the style to the ovary, enters the ovule and joins with the egg cell. A sperm cell, enclosed in a pollen grain with another sperm, is produced in the pistil that explosively ejects it into the air where it is transported to a stigma from which it passes through a pollen tube that grows down the style to the ovary, enters the ovule and joins with the egg cell. A sperm cell, enclosed in a pollen grain with another sperm, is produced in the anther, transported to the pedicel where it passes through a pollen tube that grows down the style to the ovary, enters the ovule and joins with the egg cell.

A sperm cell, enclosed in a pollen grain with another sperm, is produced in the anther, transported to a stigma where it passes through a pollen tube that grows down the style to the ovary, enters the ovule and joins with the egg cell.

Fruits and dispersal methods. Abiotic (wind, water, gravity) Biotic (animal) raspberry coconut maple fruit plum cherry tomato dandelion cocklebur ( dry fruit with surface burrs)

Biotic: raspberry, tomato, cherry, plum, cocklebur Abiotic: coconut, maple fruit, dandelion

Gymnosperm phyla include: Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Coniferophyta Lycophyta Angiospermae

Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Coniferophyta CGC

Angiosperms

Flowers

Why do Saguaro cacti utilize both birds and bats to pollinate their flowers? Having diverse pollinators increase the chance of pollination. Bats and birds pollinate different species of cactus. Birds pollinate the flowers and bats disperse the seeds. Bats only pollinate flowers at night and birds only pollinate flowers during the day.

Having diverse pollinators increase the chance of pollination.

Which of the following statements best compares the two dominant lineages of modern angiosperms? -Monocots have only one stamen per flower whereas eudicots have six. -Monocots have only one cotyledon whereas eudicots have two. -Monocots are lycophylls whereas eudicots are euphylls. -Monocots are monophyletic whereas eudicots have multiple origins. -Monocots have only one pistil per flower whereas eudicots have three.

Monocots have only one cotyledon whereas eudicots have two.

What might happen if bats disappeared from an ecosystem? -Populations of night-blooming flowers would decline. -Flower nectar would become sweeter. -Bee populations would increase in number. -No flowers in the ecosystem would be pollinated.

Populations of night-blooming flowers would decline.

Among the mammals, only some primates (including most humans) have color vision. What was the likely advantage that probably drove the evolution of primate color vision? -The ability to identify plants with medicinal value -The ability to find ripe fruit -The ability to enjoy the aesthetic value of flowers -The ability to prepare for winter as portended by autumn colors of leaves -The ability to identify grains most appropriate for domestication

The ability to find ripe fruit

Which of the following statements best compares the ovary, ovule, and egg? -The ovary is the lower part of the pistil that houses the ovules (also called eggs). -Ovules are small ovaries and either can produce eggs. -The three terms are synonymous. -The ovary is the lower part of the pistil that houses the ovules that in turn contain the eggs. -An ovule is the lower part of the pistil that houses the ovary that in turn contains the eggs.

The ovary is the lower part of the pistil that houses the ovules that in turn contain the eggs.

Conifers produce copious amounts of pollen during reproduction. What would be a likely consequence of a significant reduction in the amount of pollen produced by conifers? -There would be little effect because coevolved pollinators would still be able to transfer pollen from the male cones to the appropriate female cones. -There would be a significant negative effect on the viability of seeds because double fertilization could not occur, so there would be no food available for the growing embryo. -There would be a decrease in the number of seeds produced because the chances of pollen reaching a female cone of the same species would be reduced. -There would be a significant decrease in the genetic diversity of embryos, but little effect on the number of seeds as only one pollen grain is necessary to fertilize a single female cone.

There would be a decrease in the number of seeds produced because the chances of pollen reaching a female cone of the same species would be reduced.

Birds can serve as pollinators. True False

True

Vessels

are wider and transport water more efficiently than tracheids

The function of nectar is: provision of carbohydrates for the plant attraction of pollinators preservation of delicate flower parts a sticky trap for parasitic insects prevention of desiccation

attraction of pollinators

alkaloids

caffeine ephedrine cannabinoids nicotine cocaine codeine morphine

angiosperms and different animals have shaped each others evolution in a process called ________

coevolution

Pseudoephedrine, based on the chemical structure of ephedrine from the Gnetophyte genus Ephedra, was used as a treatment for: congestion malaria cancer headache erectile dysfunction

congestion

Seeds

contain dormant embryo and nutrition for the embryo

Tropical rainforests are being destroyed by commercial logging at an alarming rate. When these forests are destroyed, they do not readily return. Which of the following is a likely result of tropical rainforest destruction? -an increase in water held in the soil of deforested areas. -decreasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere. -decreased production of oxygen worldwide. -an increase in biodiversity in the area where the rainforests once stood.

decreased production of oxygen worldwide.

Sweet, juicy fruits are adapted for animals to eat them and ______ seeds after they pass through the animal's digestive tract

disperse

Ovules

enclose and protect female gametophyte and embryo

Of the features in plants and the animals that resulted from coevolution, -plants change the features of the animal. -floral traits are more likely to change than fruit features. -animals change the features of the plant. -features of the plant and the interacting animal change in response to and in concert with one another. -specialization of function between the plant and animal are minimized.

features of the plant and the interacting animal change in response to and in concert with one another.

pistil

female structures stigma (pollen lands on this) style (tube below stigma) ovary (where the pollen transported to)

the attraction of a pollinator to a particular type of flower is called ______ and it increases the probability that pollen will be picked up and deposited on the correct species' ________

fidelity; stigma

There is also coevolution between plants and animals that disperse their _____ with ______ inside of them

fruits; seeds

Stamen

male structures in flower anther (yellow pollen ball) filament (holding up yellow pollen ball)

If you were given a large showy flower with three petals, six stamens, and three carpels, would you consider it likely to be: a monocot a eudicot a hybrid Amborella trichopoda a gymnosperm

monocot

You discover a rare plant with white flowers that open at night and have a long, narrow floral tube. In developing a conservation plan for this species, what other organisms should you particularly focus on protecting in order to ensure this plant's continued reproductive success? butterflies hummingbirds bats moths bees

moths

bee becomes covered in pollen as it searches for its "bribe." What serves as the bribe for the bee? the pollen the flower's nectar the plant's showy flower other bees on the flower

nectar

To promote visitation, some plants also offer food rewards such as sugar-rich _____ or protein-rich _______

nectar; pollen

phenolics

nutmeg floral pigments ginger vanilla

base of flower

ovules (in ovary) receptacle (above sepal) pedicel (lowest)

perianth

petal sepal

The perianth of a flower consists of: the style and ovary the petals and sepals the pedicel and receptacle the pistil and stamens the anthers and stigma

petals and sepals

In conifers, microspores develop into: flagellated sperm ovules pollen grains a nucellus male cones

pollen grains

Animals play important roles in angiosperm reproduction either by visiting flowers for the process of _________ or eating fruits which aids in _______. fertilization, pollination pollination, fertilization fertilization, pollen dispersal fertilization, seed dispersal pollination, seed dispersal

pollination; seed dispersal

some flowers have certain traits that are strong attractants for certain types of ________

pollinators

Leaves

provide a large flattened area for photosynthesis

for example, bees are attracted to fragrant flowers with _____ coloration, but birds are attracted to _____ flowers

purple;red

Angiosperms enclose ____ inside of an _____ which matures to become a ______

seeds;ovary;fruit

A pollination syndrome is: specializations of plants that attract a specific kind of pollinator the synchronous release of pollen by many individuals of wind-pollinated trees a series of bristles on the backs of insects to which pollen adheres a brushlike tongue of hummingbirds to which pollen adheres the simultaneous release of two sperm, one to affect fertilization and the other to initiate formation of endosperm

specializations of plants that attract a specific kind of pollinator

Wood

strengthen stem, allow for greater height and branching of stem

Terpenes and Terpenoids

taxol citronella natural rubber turpentine rosin

The term angiosperm refers to: 1. the narrow sperm of angiosperms 2. the enclosure of the seed within a fruit 3. the presence of endosperm 4. the branching of vascular veins 5. the presence of pollen

the enclosure of the seed within a fruit

What is pollen? -functionless dust given off by plants -a sugar that attracts pollinators -a plant's female reproductive cell -the male gametophyte of a plant

the male gametophyte of a plant

Pollen

transport male gamete to receptive female tissues

In the fall, squirrels often harvest large numbers of acorns and bury some of them for future consumption. Over the winter, however, many of these acorns are forgotten by the squirrels and germinate in the spring, producing the next generation of oak trees. This relationship between the squirrel and oak tree is an example of a coevolved seed dispersal mechanism. True False

true

Coevolution is: -the evolution of coenzymes -evolution of secondary metabolites according to fixed ratios -coordinated evolution of sensory and motor pathways -random evolution not influenced by natural selection -two species reciprocally influencing each other's evolution

two species reciprocally influencing each other's evolution

Since plants are sedentary, they must rely on pollinators to reproduce. What is the most likely meaning of the word sedentary as it is used in the previous sentence? having more than food source unable to move photosynthetic unable to produce flowers

unable to move

angiosperms also produce distinctive types of water conducting cells called _____

vessels