Chapter 31 Concepts
Which of the following is a waterproofing and decay-resistant material that aids in the structural support of vascular plants?
Lignin
Xylem contains a material that provides several benefits, including structural support, compression-resistane, and decay-resistance. What is this material called?
Lignin
One example of a critical innovation shared between later-diverging streptophyte algae and land plants is the presence of intercellular connections called
Plasmodesmata
How does an apical meristem benefit land plants?
Produces thick bodies that resist drought and mechanical stress
Which of the following plant organs are primarily involved in the uptake of water and minerals?
Roots
One similarity between higher plants and mammals is that they both:
contain tissues that transfer nutrients from the mother to the embryo
A billion years ago, photosynthetic life on land was likely composed of:
cyanobacteria
The union of an egg cell with a sperm cell is a process called _________ , which produces a diploid zygote that develops into the embryo.
fertilization
Bryophytes produce ______ sperm that need liquid water to swim to eggs to accomplish fertilization.
flagellate
The sperm of most seed plants:
do not swim
If environmental conditions are unfavorable, seeds can remain in a state of _____ until conditions improve.
dormancy
An advantage of the alternation of generations life cycle of bryophytes, compared to the haploid-dominant life cycle of streptophyte algae, is that:
each sporophyte can produce more spores
The red arrow is pointing to the _____ within the ovule of a seed plant.
egg or oocyte
One of the first critical innovations in land plants was the:
embryo
All groups of land plants are known as ___________ because they possess matrotrophic embryos.
embryophytes
Matrotrophic embryos are found in all groups of land plants. Thus, land plants are termed:
embryophytes
Angiosperm seeds are unique in that they possess a specialized seed tissue called
endosperm
Double fertilization results in the production of a zygote, which develops into an embryo, and another fertilization product, which develops into nutritive tissue called
endosperm
Because plant cells contain nuclei, plants are said to be
eukaryotic
The ___________ is the dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle.
gametophyte, bryophyte gametophytes, haploid, or gametophytes
Pollen grains are tiny male ______ enclosed by walls.
gametophytes
Although there are many surviving lineages of vascular plants, some lineages no longer exist. They are said to have gone
extinct
When no more representatives of a phylum are currently living, the phylum is said to be
extinct
Lycophyte and pteridophyte ___________ are small and delicate whereas ____________ form large adult plants with many leaves.
gametophytes; sporophytes
The life cycle of bryophytes and other land plants includes an alternation of
generations
Embryos use the stores of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in seeds to:
grow rapidly
The term _________ is derived from a Greek term meaning "naked seeds."
gymnosperm
The ginkgos, cycads, and conifers are:
gymnosperms
The two types of seed plants are ___________ and __________
gymnosperms; angiosperms
A life cycle in which the only diploid cell is the zygote is referred to as a(n) ___________ - __________ life cycle.
haploid dominant
Because seed plants produce female spores and male spores, they are said to be
heterosporous
Plants that produce two types of spores (megaspores and microspores) are called
heterospory
Plants that produce only one type of spore are said to be
homosporous
Plants that produce only one type of spore that develops into one type of gametophyte are called:
homosporous
Comparing genomes among different types of plants allows scientists to ______
identify genes associated with evolutionary transitions.
The cell-wall ingrowths of placental transfer tissues ______ the plasma membrane to allow for more membrane transport proteins.
increase the surface area of
In spermatophytes, the seed coat develops from the:
integument of the ovule
If an angiosperm was used as a model system to study placental transfer of organic molecules:
it would be difficult to study the small embryos
Heterospory describes the production of:
large female spores and small male spores
A pteridophyte leaf is typically:
large with branched veins
Fossils indicate that the first vascular plants appeared ______ than the earliest non-vascular plants or ______.
later; bryophytes
Plant structures specialized for photosynthesis are called:
leaves
Based on comparisons of gene numbers, scientists have concluded that the transition from bryophyte to lycophyte was:
less complex than that from lycophyte to angiosperm
The waterproofing material found in the xylem of vascular plants is called
lignin
_____ is a waterproofing material found in the cell walls of tracheids.
lignin
Earth's simplest land plants are:
liverworts, mosses, and hornworts
Thick plant bodies have a:
low surface to volume ratio
The surface to volume ratio in a plant body is:
lower than that in a filamentous alga
The tiny leaves of modern lycophytes are called ___________
lycophylls or microphylls
The first complete genome sequence for a seedless vascular plant was reported for a(n)
lycophyte
The oldest vascular plants are:
lycophytes
In the evolutionary sequence of vascular plants, the ____ arose first while the _____ appeared last.
lycophytes, seed plants
Forests in the Carboniferous period were dominated by tree-sized ________ , __________ , and early seed plants.
lycophytes; pteridophytes
The tracheophytes consist of __________, _________, and seed-producing vascular plants.
lycophytes; pteridophytes or ferns
After fertilization, lycophyte and pteridophyte embryos are initially nourished by
maternal gametophytes.
During plant development important organic and mineral materials are provided by the:
maternal plant
What supplies nutrients to land plant embryos during their development?
maternal tissues
The megaspores of pines develop within
megasporangia
Female gametophytes produce egg cells while in the protective walls of the female spore, called the __________
megaspore
In this alternation of generations life cycle, the spores indicated by the blue circle are produced by:
meiosis
In bryophytes, one adaptation to a terrestrial environment is that an apical ___________ produces three-dimensional plant parts.
meristem
In land plants, tissues are produced by cell division in regions called apical
meristems
Land plants develop tissues that are relatively thick and can withstand drought and stress; these tissues grow from localized regions of cell division called apical
meristems
Localized regions of cell division occurring at the growing tips of plants are called apical
meristems
During fertilization in seed plants, the pollen tube enters the ovule through an opening in the integument called a(n)
micropyle
The microspores of pines develop within _______________
microsporangia
In seed plants, small spores called __________ develop into pollen.
microspores
This figure highlights the alternation of generations life cycle. The type of cell division indicated by the red circle is called
mitosis
Vascular plants are ______ than bryophytes.
more prominent
During periods of very low levels of atmospheric CO2, atmospheric oxygen levels ______.
rise
The plant organs specialized for the uptake of minerals and water from the soil are called
roots
Gymnosperms and angiosperms are collectively referred to as ______ plants.
seed
This image shows the steps in the development of a(n):
seed
This is a cross section through a(n) _______ of an angiosperm.
seed
______ plants are the plants with the greatest importance to humans.
seed
After fertilization in spermatophytes, the embryo is protected by a hard, tough covering called the
seed coat
The plants with the greatest importance to humans are:
seed plants
Lycophytes and pteridophytes are known as
seedless vascular plants.
Spermatophytes produce complex structures having specialized tissues that protectively enclose and nourish embryos. These structures are called
seeds
The embryos of spermatophytes are produced within protective and nourishing structures known as:
seeds
The fact that seed plants dominate modern ecosystems suggests that:
seeds have reproductive advantages
Most coal deposits formed during:
the Carboniferous period
Although diverse, streptophytes all have cell walls made of
Cellulose
This process, which is unique to angiosperms, results in the production of both a zygote and an endosperm.
Double fertilization
The development of embryos occurred early or late in the evolution of plants?
Early
In bryophytes, ______ hold sperm, and ______ hold eggs.
antheridia; archegonia
In plants, cell division is concentrated in regions called:
apical meristems
When plants are buried and only partially decomposed, carbon is prevented from entering the
atmosphere
Gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce with:
both spores and seeds
Seed plants produce:
both spores and seeds
Vascular plants contain:
both water-conducting and nutrient-conducting tissues
All of the following are examples of vascular plants EXCEPT:
bryophytes
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are members of what informal grouping of nonvascular plants?
bryophytes
The nonvascular plants, collectively called _________ are typically small and found in moist habitats.
bryophytes
The simplest and most ancient phylum of modern plants is the ______.
bryophytes
Match each of these five groups of plants to their correct distinguishing features.
bryophytes - Dominant gametophyte generation; Lack true roots, stems, and leaves Lycophytes - Leaves generally small with a single, unbranched vein; Sporangia borne on sides of stems Pteridophytes - Leaves relatively large with extensively branched vein system; Sporangia borne on leaves Gymnosperms - Lack flowers and fruits; Seed food stored before fertilization in female gametophyte Angiosperms - Possess flowers and fruits; Seed food stored after fertilization in endosperm tissue
Seeds store large quantities of _________, __________, and , which are molecules necessary for seedling growth.
carbohydrates; lipids; proteins
Select all structures produced by gymnosperms.
- Vascular tissue - Seeds
What are the two most common forms of pollen dispersal?
- Wind - Animals
Angiosperms are distinguished from other plants by the presence all of the following:
- fruits - endosperm - flowers
The major plant organs include:
- leaves - stems - roots
Select all storage compounds in seeds.
- lipids - proteins - carbohydrates
Select all that are transported by conducting tissues of vascular plants.
- organic compounds - water - minerals
Vascular tissues allow vascular plants to:
- produce a large number of sporangia per sporophyte - grow taller than bryophytes - produce more spores than bryophytes
Select all structures that are layered.
- seeds - ovules
Fertilization is the union of these two entities.
- sperm - egg
Select all features that enhance the ability of bryophytes to live on land.
- thick-walled spores - Multicellular embryos
Arrange the following plant clades based on their order of divergence. Start with the oldest/earliest lineage at the top.
1. lycophytes 2. pteridophytes 3. seed plants
Which labeled structure in this diagram of the alternation of generation life cycle represents a gamete?
A
This figure depicts the alternation of generation life cycle of land plants. Match the letter to its appropriate structure.
A - Egg B - Zygote C - Sporophyte D - Spores
__________ refers to the phylum that include cycads, conifers, ginkgos, and gnetophytes.
Gymnosperm
Placental transfer tissue cells contain complex arrays of cell-wall ingrowths. What purpose do these serve?
High surface area allows solutes to move from cell to cell quickly.
In the alternation of generation life cycle, what statement best describes the single sporophyte? Multiple choice question.
It produces many spores that are genetically diverse
Ancient nonvascular plants likely influenced climate by sequestering ______ from the atmosphere.
carbon
Scientists have concluded that the transition from bryophyte to lycophyte was less complex than that from lycophyte to angiosperm, based on:
comparisons of genes
Vascular tissues not only provide structural support but also serve a role in
conduction of water and nutrients.
Apical meristems give rise to:
plant tissues
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes made of cells containing organelles called:
plastids
Because seeds can remain dormant, they allow plants to
survive in unpredictable conditions
The cells of the gametangia can develop into which of the following? Select all that apply.
- A sperm cell - The gametangial jacket - An egg cell
Select all types of seeds adapted for animal dispersal.
- Acorns - Hickory nuts
Select the reproductive characteristics of land plants.
- Alternation of generations - Life cycle with two types of multicellular bodies - Maternal nourishment of embryos
Select all features that have helped land plants to thrive in terrestrial environments.
- Apical meristems that produce tissues - Specialized structures to disperse gametes and spores
Select all statements that are true for the sporophytes of vascular plants, but not bryophytes.
- Become independent of gametophytes - Able to branch
What materials pass through stomata?
- Carbon dioxide - Oxygen - Water
Select the characteristics that are common to all streptophytes.
- Cellulose-rich cell walls - Starch in plastids
Choose all characteristics that are common to bryophytes.
- Common in moist habitats - Small in stature
Select the adaptations that allow vascular plants to maintain a stable internal water content.
- Conducting tissues - A waxy cuticle - Stomata
Select all characteristics of lignin.
- Decay resistant - Compression resistant - Water resistant
Select all features of plant embryos.
- Diploid - Multicellular
Select all types of data that are commonly used to classify plants.
- Fossil record - Molecular data - Physical characteristics
What does the clade streptophytes include? Choose all that apply.
- Green algae - Land plants
Select all places in which placental transfer tissues occur.
- Haploid gametophyte tissues - Diploid embryo tissues
Of these land plants, which three are the simplest?
- Hornworts - Liverworts - Mosses
Select all of the following that are members of the informal group called bryophytes.
- Hornworts - Liverworts - Mosses
Select all vascular plant innovations that evolved multiple times.
- Leaves - Seeds
Select all terms that can be used to describe the tiny leaves found in modern lycophytes.
- Lycophylls - Microphylls
Which of the following are examples of seedless vascular plants?
- Lycophytes - Pteridophytes
Select all plant groups that are considered tracheophytes.
- Lycophytes - Pteridophytes - Angiosperms
Select all plant phyla.
- Mosses - Gingkos - Liverworts - Conifers
Choose all that belong in the kingdom Plantae.
- Mosses - Lycophytes
Select the evolutionary advances exhibited by all seed plants.
- Production of two types of spores - The enclosure of the megasporangium within walls
Select all seedless vascular plants.
- Pteridophytes - Lycophytes
Select all characteristics of the sporophytes of bryophytes.
- Remain attached to gametophytes - Short lifespans - Inability to branch
Select all features common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms.
- Reproduction using spores - Presence of vascular tissue
Select all typical features of lycophytes.
- Roots fork at tips - Leaves are small with one unbranched vein
Select all types of plants that were abundant in forests in the Carboniferous period.
- Seed plants - Lycophytes - Pteridophytes
Select critical innovations shared between some streptophyte algae and land plants that helped land plants live on land.
- Sexual reproduction - Plasmodesmata - A distinctive type of cytokinesis
Land plants feature a life cycle involving alternation of generations. What are the two generations called?
- Sporophyte - Gametophyte
Select all roles of xylem in vascular plants.
- Structural support - Mineral transport
Which of the following statements are true of the haploid-dominant life cycle?
- The zygote is the only cell that undergoes meiosis. - The diploid generation consists of one cell.
Select all effects of the first land plants on life on Earth.
- They aided animals in the colonization of land - They helped to create the first substantial soils
Choose all that exhibit an alternation of generations.
-angiosperms - bryophytes - gymnosperms
Select all traits that illustrate adaptation of bryophytes to a terrestrial environment.
Alternation of generations Apical meristems
In this picture of a mature angiosperm seed, what is the arrow pointing to in this figure?
An embryonic root
The circle is enclosing a(n):
An ovule
What organisms reproduce using spores and seeds?
Angiosperms & gymnosperms
Which of the following characteristics separates angiosperms from gymnosperms?
Angiosperms have flowers and fruits that gymnosperms lack.
Match the type of gametangium with the type of cell that it protects.
Archegonium - egg Antheridium - sperm
__________ are the multicellular, diploid products of mitosis of the zygote. They were one of the first critical innovations in land plants.
Embryos
What is the nutritive tissue in the seeds of angiosperms?
Endosperm
___________ is the nutritive seed tissue that enhances the efficiency of food storage in the seeds of flowering plants.
Endosperm
True or False: All the cells of gametangia develop into gametes.
False
True or false: All lineages of vascular plants are in existence today.
False
True or false: Gymnosperms possess seeds, flowers, fruits, and endosperm.
False
True or false: Phylogenies for plants usually rely solely on molecular data.
False
True or false: Plant eggs are fertilized only after they become independent from the maternal plant body.
False
True or false: Seed plants have replaced spores with seeds.
False
True or false: There is at least one living representative of all plant phyla.
False
Which of the following characteristics is common to both the alternation of generations and haploid-dominant life cycles?
Fertilization produces a zygote.
Match the gametangium type with its associated shape.
Flask-shaped matches - Archegonium Spherical or elongate - Antheridium
The conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into this decay resistant compound by ancient vascular plants led to the formation of coal deposits.
Lignin
The retention of megasporangia on the parental sporophyte confers which of the following benefits?
Food can flow from photosynthetic sporophytes to dependent embryos
________ are the specialized parts of the gametophyte where gametes are produced.
Gametangia
Which of the following is a specialized structure of bryophytes that holds cells that develop into gametes?
Gametangium
Placental transfer tissues occur in haploid __________ tissues that lie closest to the embryo.
Gametophyte
What is the dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle?
Gametophyte
Select the plant that has the potential to be the largest.
Lycophyte sporophyte
How often did the innovations of leaves and seeds likely evolve?
Many times
Egg cells of seed plants develop from within the walls of which of the following?
Megaspores
Seed plants are characterized by heterospory, in which smaller spores called microspores and larger spores called _________ are produced.
Megaspores
___________ are the large female spores produced by seed plants.
Megaspores
Which of the following occurs in an alternation of generation life cycle but not in a haploid-dominant life cycle?
Multicellular sporophyte
The data shown here comes from the Browning and Gunning experiment on placental transfer tissues. Did 11-13 mm sporophytes take up significantly more carbon than 5-7 mm ones?
No, because their values overlap when standard deviations are taken into account
In seed plants, this structure matures into a seed.
Ovule
Land plants can be placed into nine taxonomic groups, called
Phyla
______ in plants serve a similar role to that of the placenta in mammals.
Placental transfer tissues
The kingdom _______ is composed of land plants.
Plantae
Heterospory describes the spores of different sizes and functions that are produced by which plant group?
Seed
Energy for embryo growth is provided by what structures in angiosperms and ferns, respectively?
Seeds
These data were obtained from the pulse chase study of organic molecule transfer through placental tissues. Why did the gametophyte lose more carbon than the sporophyte gained?
Some carbon was lost through respiration
In the sporic life cycle, meiosis occurs within enclosures called ___________ , which protect developing spores from harmful UV radiation and microbial attack.
Sporangia
Which of the following are enclosures in which meiosis occurs during the sporic life cycle?
Sporangia
In the alternation of generations life cycle, meiosis in this multicellular stage produces spores.
Sporophyte
What life cycle is shown in this figure?
The alternation of generation life cycle
The ovule of a seed plant is shown here. What is the blue arrow pointing to?
The multicellular female gametophyte
Why is water necessary for fertilization in bryophytes?
The sperm are flagellate and have to swim to the eggs
Which of the following statements about sporangia is true?
They foster wind dispersal of spores.
True or False: Angiosperms are also called flowering plants.
True
True or false: Bryophytes are nonvascular plants.
True
True or false: Decreased surface area to volume ratios mean that water is less likely to be lost through the outer surface of the organism.
True
True or false: Most angiosperm ovules do not store food materials prior to fertilization.
True
True or false: Plants sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and retain the carbon in their tissues.
True
Which of the following tissues contains tracheids?
Xylem
The development of decay resistant tissues in early vascular plants likely led to:
a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
An ovule is composed of several layers, which are also present when it matures into:
a seed
Adaptations such as conducting tissues, a waxy cuticle, and stomata allow vascular plants to maintain
a stable internal water content.
When land plants produce two generations of multicellular bodies at different times during the life cycle it is referred to as __________ of generations.
alternation
The ______ life cycle exhibited by bryophytes illustrates an adaptation for life on land.
alternation of generations
This figure depicts the ______ life cycle.
alternation of generations
The ______ life cycle of ______ produces a larger number of genetically-diverse spores than the life cycle of aquatic algae.
alternation of generations; bryophytes
A tissue is defined as:
an association of similar types of cells
A term that originated from the Greek, meaning "enclosed seeds," is
angiosperm
The division Anthophyta contains _______________ , which are also known as flowering plants.
angiosperm
In the plant life cycle, alternation of generations refers to:
multicellular gametophytes and sporophytes
According to fossil evidence bryophytes are ____ vascular plants.
older than
In terms of the age of the early vascular plants, lycophytes are ______ pteridophytes.
older than
During evolution, plants moved from:
one type of sporangium to two types
During plant evolution, scientists estimate that the embryo evolved:
only once
In seed plants, the sporangium containing one spore that develops into an egg-producing gametophyte is called a(n) _______.
ovule
In angiosperms, the immature seeds, called ________ , do not contain a food supply until after fertilization.
ovules
The main function of plant leaves is to carry out
photosynthesis
During plant development _________ transfer tissues aid in the transfer of nutrients from mother to embryo.
placental
The transfer of nutrients from mother to embryo is aided by:
placental transfer tissues
In pines, microspores are small spores that develop into
pollen
In seed plants, tiny male gametophytes enclosed by walls are called
pollen
Fertilization in seed plants occurs when two sperm are carried to the egg through a structure called a(n)
pollen tube
The delivery of pollen to the female region of a flower is called:
pollination
The process by which pollen comes into contact with ovules is called
pollination
Plants originated from a photosynthetic _____ ancestor.
protist
Seed plants retain megasporangia on the parental sporophyte in order to:
provide nutritional support
A fern is an example of a:
pteridophyte
Early bryophyte-like plants influenced Earth's past climate by _________ the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
reducing
Tissue production benefits land plants by:
reducing water loss
Early bryophyte-like plants influenced Earth's past climate by __________ the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
reducing, decreasing, or lowering
Although seedless plants require water for fertilization, seed plants can survive in arid environments because:
sperm travel directly to the egg via the pollen tube
During fertilization in bryophytes, a gametophyte structure called the antheridium releases ______ cells, which swim toward the ______ cell that is contained in a gametophyte structure called the archegonium.
sperm; egg
All of the living and fossil seed plant phyla are collectively known as:
spermatophytes
Because both groups produce seeds, gymnosperms and angiosperms are together known as the
spermatophytes or seed plants
Bryophyte ______ contain spores and facilitate their dispersal by wind.
sporangia
Some experts think that lycophylls arose from modified ______.
sporangia
The tiny leaves found in modern lycophytes are thought to have arisen from modified
sporangia
The organism that we associate with the name fern is the ______________.
sporophyte
In the alternation of generations life cycle of land plants, the two generations are called __________ and ____________
sporophyte; gametophyte
As they mature, vascular plant ______ become independent by producing leaves and roots able to harvest resources needed for ______.
sporophytes; photosynthesis
Pores that can open and close on the surface tissue of vascular plant stems and leaves are called ______
stomata, stoma, or stomate
The land plants evolved from a:
streptophyte alga
Plants and their modern green algal relatives are collectively known as
streptophytes
The function of lignin in the cell walls of tracheids is:
support
The experiments carried out by Browning and Gunning on sporophytes were designed to test
the rate at which radiolabeled carbon moves through placental transfer tissues from gametophytes into sporophytes.
The most dominant plants in many ecosystems are spermatophytes. Their success is likely largely due to:
the reproductive advantage conferred by seeds
In a study of the movement of organic molecules through placental transfer tissues, bryophytes were chosen as the experimental system because:
the sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte
The embryo was a critical innovations in land plants because:
the young sporophyte received protection and nourishment from the maternal tissues
Early land plants caused a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels because:
their bodies did not always decompose
In the Earth's geologic history, the highest known atmospheric oxygen levels occurred when:
there was a decrease in the amount of oxygen used to break down organic carbon
What adaptation to the terrestrial habitat is an important feature of plant evolution?
three-dimensional tissue and apical meristems
The bodies of land plants are made of several types of ______ which are close associations of cells of the same type.
tissues
The presence of internal water and nutrient-conducting tissues that also provide structural support is a characteristic of plants called ___________ plants
vascular
The three major plant organs contain ______ tissue.
vascular
Tissues that provide structural support and serve in conduction are known as ___________ tissues
vascular or conducting
Lycophytes and pteridophytes are ______ plants which ______ seeds.
vascular; do not produce
Xylem and phloem enable plants to conduct organic compounds, ________ and __________ through the plant body.
water; minerals
Winged seeds are adapted for _____ dispersal and fleshy seeds are adapted for ______ dispersal.
wind; animal
Pollen is typically transported away from the mother plant by either ________ or __________
wind; animals, animal transport, or pollinators
In addition to being a conduction tissue, specialized vascular tissue called ___________ also provides structural support to the plant body.
xylem
Tracheids can be found in _________ , a specialized conducting tissue produced by vascular plants.
xylem