Chapter 31 Review

What were provisions of the Meiji constitution?

-Individual rights were affirmed but made secondary to the needs of the state. -Japan became a constitutional monarchy. -The emperor could disregard the recommendations of the Diet. -The right to vote was based on property qualifications.

The most significant achievement of Sultan Mahmud II was the

creation of a modern army.

By 1898 France, Great Britain, and Japan had carved out ________ in China.

economic spheres of influence

After signing the Treaty of Paris in 1856, which ended the Crimean War, Tsar Alexander II did what?

freed the Russian serfs

The British insisted on their right to trade opium with China because

it was the only trade good that they could sell in China at a profit.

The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown because

the Japanese were outraged by the unequal treaty forced on them by Commodore Perry.

The success of the Meiji restoration depended on destroying the power of

the daimyo and samurai classes.

The Russian intelligentsia promoted terrorism as a strategy for political reform because

their attempts at more peaceful reform were crushed by the tsarist authorities.

The Taiping rebellion was defeated when

Nanjing was defeated by a combined force of imperial and European soldiers.

What led to the Ottoman military decline of the nineteenth century?

-its strategy and tactics -humiliating defeats by its enemies -ignorance in new weapons technologies -poor training and lack of discipline

The Russian expansion into the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman empire sparked the

Crimean War.

"Tanzimat" refers to the

Ottoman movement to reform and reorganize the empire.

What was the result of the reforms instituted by Mahmud II?

a smaller empire that was more manageable

The Opium War made plain the difference between

the military power of Europe and China.

How did the Russo-Japanese war conclude in May 1905?

with destruction of the Russian navy

By 1913 all of the following provinces gained either independence or autonomy from Ottoman control, EXCEPT

*Anatolia. Egypt. Greece. Serbia.

Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842?

*Japan gained control of the island of Taiwan. Chinese ports were open to foreign trade and residence. Britain gained control of Hong Kong Island. Britain was given most-favored nation status. British merchants gained the right to conduct the opium trade unimpeded.

What caused Japanese society to be in turmoil during the nineteenth century?

-a decline in agricultural productivity -periodic crop failures -famine -harsh taxation

What contributed to the peasant discontent in China during the nineteenth century?

-rapid population growth -land in the hands of wealthy elites -widespread governmental corruption -increasing drug addiction

The Ottoman military had declined by the nineteenth century because

-the Janissaries were more interested in palace intrigues than in military training. -the Janissaries resisted all efforts to modernize the army. -many provincial rulers had private mercenary armies. -Ottoman forces carried outmoded equipment.

What could be considered a contributing cause of the Russian revolution of 1905?

-the lack of a representative legislative body -the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war -the Bloody Sunday massacre -the government's failure to address the inequities of land ownership

The emancipation of Russian serfs in 1861

-was achieved at the tsar's insistence. -was intended to avert a revolution. -brought freedom but few political rights for the peasants. -did not significantly increase agricultural production.

The Russian empire was defeated in the Crimean War because

Britain and France joined forces to prevent Russian expansion into the Ottoman empire.

Which of the Young Turk proposals caused the most dissension in the empire?

Turkish as the official language of the empire

In 1853 warships from what country steamed into Tokyo Bay and demanded permission to establish trade and diplomatic relations with Japan?

United States

In China, a "sphere of influence" was

a district in which a foreign power had exclusive trade, transportation, and mineral rights.

Which of the following was NOT part of Count Witte's policy of industrialization?

banking reform to encourage domestic savings and investment construction of the trans-Siberian railroad promotion of foreign investment in Russian industry protective tariffs to support emerging Russian industries *nationalization of key industries such as coal and steel

Tanzimat legal reforms included all of the following rights EXCEPT

equality before the law for all subjects. public trials in civil courts. the right to privacy. *women's right to sue for divorce.

The "capitulations" were humiliating concessions to the west that

held European citizens exempt from Ottoman laws and taxes.

Foreign merchants could deal only with specially licensed Chinese firms, which were

known as cohongs.

The capital for the early industrialization of Meiji Japan came primarily from

land taxes.

What was the centerpiece of Count Sergei Witte's industrial policy?

massive railway construction program

The Meiji constitution promulgated in 1889 by the emperor gave the effective power to

the emperor.

The most significant indication of the decline of Ottoman foreign influence in the nineteenth century was

the empire's loss of control of Egypt.