Chapter 34: Digestive Systems and Nutrition

In mammals, fats are absorbed

A. in the large intestine. B. in the stomach. C. primarily into the blood capillaries. D. primarily into the ducts of the lacteal. E. None of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?

A. ingestion of food B. digestion of food C. absorption of food D. elimination of digestible wastes E. elimination of nondigestible wastes

The tongue functions to

A. mix food with saliva and assist in swallowing. B. detect taste, touch and pressure. C. consist of skeletal muscle under voluntary control. D. have a surface continuous with the mucous membrane of the digestive tract. E. All of the choices are correct.

The ____ functions to store food, kill bacteria, and partially digest proteins.

A. mouth B. esophagus C. stomach D. small intestine E. large intestine

Which of these organs has food for the least time and participates least in digestion?

A. mouth B. esophagus C. stomach D. small intestine E. large intestine

Protein digestion is confined to the

A. mouth, stomach, small intestine. B. stomach, small intestine. C. stomach, esophagus, and small intestine. D. mouth and large intestine. E. small intestine, large intestine, mouth.

Digestion of proteins begins in the human in the

A. mouth. B. esophagus. C. stomach. D. duodenum. E. large intestine.

Digestion of starches begins in the human in the

A. mouth. B. esophagus. C. stomach. D. duodenum. E. large intestine.

The finger-like projections along the surface of the small intestines are called

A. mucosa. B. lacteals. C. capillaries. D. villi. E. appendix.

Public health workers look for ways to prevent diseases. Which of the following jaundice-causing disease(s) has/have the potential to be currently reduced by public health measures?

A. obstructive jaundice caused by gall-stones B. obstructive jaundice caused by a cancerous tumor C. hepatitis A by sewage control and hepatitis B by vaccine D. hepatitis C by vaccine E. hemolytic jaundice by blood screening

Which of the following human digestive enzymes is NOT correctly matched to its substrate?

A. pepsin-protein B. trypsin-nucleic acid C. salivary amylase-starch D. lipase-fat E. maltase-maltose

Which of the following is considered an accessory gland in the digestive system?

A. pharynx B. esophagus C. stomach D. cecum E. pancreas

Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the

A. pharynx. B. larynx. C. epiglottis. D. glottis. E. sphincter muscle.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

A. produce HCl B. begin digestion of protein C. breakdown toxic materials D. produce chyme

Secretin functions to stimulate the

A. release of bile. B. release of pancreatic juices, particularly the sodium bicarbonate portion. C. release of gastrin. D. release of pancreatic juices, particularly the digestive enzyme portion.

________ is contained in pancreatic juice to neutralize the acidity of chyme from the stomach.

A. sodium bicarbonate B. trypsin C. pancreatic amylase D. bile

An animal with an incomplete gut system is the

A. squid. B. earthworm. C. planarian. D. tapeworm. E. grasshopper.

In the body, glucose is stored in the liver and muscle as

A. starch. B. protein. C. glycogen. D. fat. E. amino acids.

What is the role of HCl in the stomach?

A. symptom of a digestive disorder B. only to cause stomach ulcers C. digestive enzyme to hydrolyze fats D. aids in the digestion of starch E. activates the digestive enzyme pepsin

Release of secretin is stimulated by the action of

A. the alkaline material in the duodenum. B. the bile. C. muscular contractions in the stomach. D. nerves to the duodenum. E. acid food on the wall of the duodenum.

The hepatic portal vein is located between

A. the hepatic vein and the vena cava. B. the mouth and the stomach. C. the pancreas and the small intestine. D. the small intestine and the liver.

A correct function of the human stomach is

A. to produce highly basic fluids to kill most bacteria. B. to begin the absorption of most small food molecules, especially sugars and alcohol. C. storage of food and mixing with digestive fluids to begin chemical digestion. D. promotion of bacterial fermentation. E. absorption of iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cells.

The digestive juices found in the stomach include

A. trypsin and bile. B. pepsin and hydrochloric acid. C. bile and hydrochloric acid. D. pancreatic amylase and trypsin. E. trypsin and pepsin.

Name the structure and organ that has microvilli, maltase, and absorbs nutrients?

A. villus, large intestine B. villus, small intestine C. villus, stomach D. folds, stomach E. pyloric sphincter, appendix

Along with the mineral calcium, what vitamin is necessary for healthy bones and teeth? A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin B12 C. Vitamin C D. Vitamin D

D. Vitamin D

Which represents the proper sequence of human teeth from the front to the back of the mouth?

A. 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, 3 molars B. 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 promolars, 3 molars C. 3 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 2 molars D. 2 incisors, 2 canines, 2 premolars, 3 molars E. 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, 2 molars

The pH of the stomach is usually about

A. 2.0. B. 4.0. C. 5.0. D. 7.0. E. 8.0.

Which of the following statements about digestion is NOT correct?

A. An ulcer can occur when pepsin penetrates the mucous covering of the stomach or duodenum and begins to digest the underlying tissues. B. The gallbladder produces bile that is continuously released into the duodenum to digest lipid. C. Villi and microvilli add considerably to the surface area of the small intestine. D. The pancreas produces digestive juices in its function as an exocrine gland. E. The liver produces secretions that are involved in digestion.

An inflamed gall bladder causes pain when it is stimulated to release bile. The most likely trigger for this stimulation is the hormone

A. CCK. B. gastrin. C. secretin. D. GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide).

Which of the following statements is NOT true about vitamins and minerals?

A. Some minerals are required in amounts more than 100 mg per day, and include such things as calcium, sodium, and phosphorus. B. Some minerals are required in amounts less than 20 mg per day, and include such things as iron, copper, and zinc. C. Trace amounts of minerals such as nickel, arsenic, and selenium are required in the body. D. Vitamins are produced within the body from coenzymes such as NAD+ and FAD.

Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy may lose their sense of taste and food no longer tastes good to them. What effect would this have on the human digestive process?

A. Starvation might be possible since the pleasure sensation of taste has evolved to promote eating, and without this pleasure of taste, a person may stop eating. B. The function of taste buds feeding to the brain is unrelated to the chemical machinery of digestion. C. We would not stop eating because we do not gain the satisfaction of fulfilling hunger.

All of the following statements are true about the clam's digestion EXCEPT

A. The clam is a sessile filter feeder. B. The clam has a single opening for the entry of food and the exit of digestive wastes. C. The clam is a continuous feeder. D. Small food particles are collected on the gills and moved by cilia to the mouth.

Which of the following statements about the colon is NOT true?

A. The colon is active in water absorption, removing about 95% of the water that enters it and returning it to the bloodstream. B. Insufficient absorption of water can result in diarrhea that may be life-threatening. C. The feces consist of about 75% water and 25% solids that are mainly bacteria from the intestinal tract. D. The last section of the colon is the rectum, which terminates in the anus. E. Cells in the walls of the large intestine absorb vitamin K that is produced by bacteria resident in the colon.

All of the following statements are true about the squid's digestion EXCEPT

A. The squid captures prey by waiting quietly and using a specialized lure on its tentacles. B. The squid's diet includes fish, shrimp, and worms. C. The mouth has jaws that bite off pieces of prey with the help of a toothy radula. D. Digestive enzymes are secreted by the digestive gland. E. The storage areas of the stomach and cecum are needed because of discontinuous feeding.

Which is NOT true of human salivary glands?

A. They produce an enzyme to begin the digestion of starch. B. They are exocrine glands. C. There are three pairs that open by ducts into the mouth. D. The production of saliva aids in the mechanical digestion process. E. They can become inflamed and cause tonsillitis.

Which of the following statements about nutrients is NOT true?

A. Very little protein is needed to supply the body's recommended daily allowance. B. Incomplete protein sources can be combined to include all the essential amino acids in a meal. C. The daily diet should contain most of its energy in fats. D. A high-fiber diet can be detrimental since it impairs absorption of certain minerals. E. Products of fat digestion are transported by the lymph and blood to the tissues.

A ruminant is

A. a carnivore with no extra digestive specializations. B. a carnivore with extra stomach separations. C. an omnivore. D. a herbivore with no extra digestive specializations. E. a herbivore with extra stomach separations.

The duodenum is the site for

A. a duct from the liver that introduces bile. B. a pancreatic duct that introduces basic fluids to neutralize the stomach acid. C. highly acidic stomach contents. D. all of the choices.

Villi serve to

A. absorb nutrients. B. secrete bile. C. produce antibodies. D. synthesize vitamins.

Which of the following is NOT a function of bile salts?

A. act as emulsifiers B. needed for fat digestion C. aid the enzyme lipase D. aid the enzyme maltase E. production of vitamin D

Secretin, gastrin, and CCK in humans are

A. all enzymes used to digest food. B. hormones that control digestive secretions. C. all breakdown products of digestion. D. produced in the gut by an acid pH.

An omnivore is specialized to eat

A. animals only. B. plants only. C. bacteria only. D. both plants and animals.

Liver does NOT function in the production of

A. bile. B. digestive enzymes. C. blood proteins. D. blood lipoproteins.

The digestive system functions in the

A. chemical breakdown of food. B. mechanical breakdown of food. C. elimination of waste products. D. absorption of food molecules. E. All of the choices are true.

Abnormally large amounts of bilirubin in the blood will cause

A. cirrhosis of the liver. B. kidney stones. C. gallstones. D. the rolling stones. E. jaundice.

Water is absorbed primarily by the

A. colon. B. duodenum. C. stomach. D. anal canal. E. esophagus.

If the large intestine becomes irritated and peristalsis increases, ____ may result.

A. constipation B. diarrhea C. appendicitis D. ulcers E. hernias

Muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves are called

A. constrictors. B. dilators. C. sphincters. D. lacteals. E. mucosa.

The liver functions in digestion by way of its

A. conversion of hemoglobin to bilirubin and biliverdin. B. destruction of old red blood cells. C. production of blood proteins. D. production of urea. E. production of bile.

The function of the canine teeth in the human is

A. crushing. B. grinding. C. shearing. D. biting. E. tearing.

Which is NOT a correct association of intestinal disorders?

A. diarrhea-rapid movement of feces that may result in dehydration B. polyps-small growths on the epithelial lining that can become cancerous C. jaundice-nutrition deficiency D. All of the choices are correct.

Insects often have very specific food plants. A species that feeds on walnut leaves starves when fed hickory leaves, etc. The main biological reason for this is

A. differences in mouthparts. B. variation in the neurons causing different feeding behaviors. C. different tolerances to plant chemicals including differences in digestive enzymes. D. variation in food value of plant tissues. E. climate.

The main function of the esophagus is to

A. digest proteins. B. digest carbohydrates. C. transport food from the small intestine to the large intestine. D. transport food from the mouth to the stomach. E. transport food from the stomach to the large intestine.

The tubular structure that moves food by peristalsis from the pharynx is the

A. epiglottis. B. trachea. C. tongue. D. esophagus. E. glottis.

Microvilli form a brush border on the cells of the

A. esophagus. B. stomach C. duodenum. D. tongue. E. pharynx.

Fat absorption differs from other foods because its breakdown products are

A. formed in the large intestine. B. absorbed directly into the blood. C. absorbed into the lacteal. D. absorbed only when glucose is not present.

Starches are digested to _____, which is/are converted to ______ in the liver, which is/are broken down to be released as ______ in the blood.

A. glucose, glycogen, glucose B. glucose, glucose, amino acids C. glycogen, glucose, glucose D. amino acids, glucose, glycogen E. glucose, glycogen, glycogen

Which of the following would be classified as a carnivore?

A. human B. rat C. cat D. raccoon E. brown bear