Chapter 34 Gastroenterology
How is peptic ulcer treated
Antibiotics, H2 blocker, lining protectant
Hemoral hernia
Bulge below the groin in upper thigh
Inguinal hernia
Bulge forms in the groin and may extend into the scrotum
List one diagnostic procedure used for acute appendicitis
CBC
List two diagnostic procedures used for diverticulitis
CT scan, blood and urine tests
A surgical procedure where the large intestine is brought through the abdominal wall, creating either a temporary or permanent opening (stoma) to allow stool to pass out of the body
Colostomy
List the three sections of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Excretion
Eliminating indigestible waste
Esophageal varices
Enlarged veins in the esophagus leak or rupture
Lid-like structure over the glottis that prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea when swallowing occurs
Epiglottis
A glandular secretion released through a duct
Exocrine
List three sections of the stomach
Fundus, Body, Pylorus
Flatus
Gas from the intestines passes through the anus
How is peptic ulcer diagnosed
H&P, upper endoscopy, upper GI series, biopsy of the stomach lining, urea breath test
Pyrosis
Heartburn
What is the causative agent of peptic ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
Kidney disorder that can occur after a digestive infection with E. Coli, Shigella, or Salmonella; red blood cells are destroyed and block the kidney's filtering system causing acute kidney failure
Hemolytic Uremic System
An inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis
Gastritis
Inflammation of stomach lining
Secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach; necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 to prevent pernicious anemia
Intrinsic factor
Achalasia
LES does not relax, esophageal peristalsis is reduced
Where is vitamin K synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract
Large intestine
Cirrhosis
Liver disease
The cavity, channel, or open space within a tube or tubular organ
Lumen
List the structures of the gastrointestinal system
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
A mucous-producing membrane that lines tracts and structures of the body
Mucous membrane
NAFLD
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
List two viruses that cause foodborne illness
Norovirus, Hepatitis A
Hidden or unseen
Occult
Wave-like movement from the alternating contraction and relaxation of a tubular structure, which propels the contents forwards
Peristalsis
What is mechanical digestion
Physical breakdown of food
Besides being a good reservoir and secreting gastric juices, the stomach has additional roles. List two
Producing ghrelin, producing gastrin
Dumping syndrome
Rapid gastric emptying
Pain is felt when the pressure on the abdomen is released
Rebound pain
Surgical removal of all or part of an organ
Resection
Folds in the wall of the organ; when the organ fills or needs to expand, the ability to unfold is due to
Rugae
Which structure allows the stomach to expand when it unfolds
Rugae
Describe a hiatal hernia
Section of the upper stomach pushes through an opening of the diaphragm into the chest
List two bacteria that cause foodborne illness
Shigella, E. Coli
SIBO
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Absorption
Small nutrient molecules absorbed into bloodstream from the small intestine
A circular muscle that either constricts and closes the opening or relaxes and allows substances to pass through the opening
Sphincter
Gastroparesis
Stomach motility is slowed, causing delayed gastric emptying
Ingestion
Taking food and liquid into the body
Describe how the sphincters at the top and bottom of the esophagus function
The UES stops air from entering the esophagus. LES prevents the stomach contents from moving up into the esophagus
Digestion
The breakdown of food in order for nutrient absorption to occur
Volvulus
Twisting or knotting of the GI tract
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood
Cleft lip
When the lip tissue doesn't fuse before birth
List the etiology of diverticulitis
aging, obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, low fiber diets, high animal protein diets
List two treatments commonly ordered by the provider for acute appendicitis
antibiotics and appendectomy
Halitosis
bad breath
What are signs and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease
belching, heartburn, nausea, regurgitation
List the cause of of acute appendicitis
blockage in the appendix which can increase pressure, affect blood flow, and cause inflammation
List the sections of the large intestine
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
CCK
cholecystokinin
The mixture created in the stomach that consists of gastric juices and ingested foods is called
chyme
A chronic liver disease where liver cells are replaced with scar tissue
cirrhosis
CBC
complete blood count
list three signs and symptoms of diverticulitis
constant lower left abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea
CVS
cyclic vomiting sampling
Describe celiac disease
digestive and autoimmune disorder when foods with gluten damage the small intestine
DRE
digital rectal examination
When a substance suspends tiny droplets of one liquid into a second liquid; this allows mixing two liquids that usually do not mix well such as oil and water
emulsifies
A glandular secretion that is released into the blood or lymph directly
endocrine
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
What is chemical digestion
enzymatic breakdown of food in the stomach after mastication
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
FIT
fecal immunochemical test
FOBT
fecal occult blood test
cholelithiasis
gallstones
GER
gastroesophageal reflux
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
gastrointestinal
gFOBT
guaiaic fecal occult blood test
Gingivitis
gum disease
HAV
hepatitis A virus
HBV
hepatitis B virus
HCV
hepatitis C virus
HEV
hepatitis E virus
HIDA
hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid
IPAA
ileal pouch anal anatomosis
The valve that is found between the small and large intestine is called the
ileocecal valve
Constipation
inability to produce bowel movements
describe acute appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
IVIg
intravenous immunoglobulin
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
The _____________ in the villus of the small intestine absorbs ______________ and the cardiovascular capillaries absorb ________---- and _________________
lacteal; lipids; glucose; amino acids
Diarrhea
loose, watery bowel movements
List three signs of acute appendicitis
low fever, vomiting, diarrhea
LES
lower esophageal sphincter
List three main functions of the saliva
moistens the food, aids in swallowing, contains an enzyme to help break down starches
MT- sDNA
multi-targeted stool DNA test
Umbilical hernia
muscle around the umbilicus doesnt close at birth
list the three sections of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
NSAID
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
List two symptoms of acute appendicitis
pain in the lower right quadrant, inability to pass gas
An inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
Sticky substance made of mucus, food particles, and bacteria that builds up on the exposed part of the tooth
plaque
List the additional functions of the liver beyond the gastrointestinal tract
produce plasma proteins, breaks down old or damaged blood cells, breaks down proteins and fats and produces energy, produces bile
PPI
proton pump inhibitor
List the accessory organs of the digestive system
salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas
Explain the function of the gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile
Cleft palate
the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus
List the enzymes created and excreted from the pancreas
trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase
List two chronic conditions that are included in inflammatory bowel disease
ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
UES
upper esophageal sphincter
UGI
upper gastrointestinal series
Most of the gastrointestinal system organs and accessory organs are located in which cavity of the body
ventral
The small intestine contains ___________ which are small structures that are vital to proper nutrient absorption
villi
The large intestine reabsorbs _______________ and ______________ to prevent dehydration
water; electrolytes
Describe diverticulitis
when the diverticula become inflammed or infected
Jaundice
yellowing of the skin and eyes