Chapter 34 Gastroenterology

How is peptic ulcer treated

Antibiotics, H2 blocker, lining protectant

Hemoral hernia

Bulge below the groin in upper thigh

Inguinal hernia

Bulge forms in the groin and may extend into the scrotum

List one diagnostic procedure used for acute appendicitis

CBC

List two diagnostic procedures used for diverticulitis

CT scan, blood and urine tests

A surgical procedure where the large intestine is brought through the abdominal wall, creating either a temporary or permanent opening (stoma) to allow stool to pass out of the body

Colostomy

List the three sections of the small intestine

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Excretion

Eliminating indigestible waste

Esophageal varices

Enlarged veins in the esophagus leak or rupture

Lid-like structure over the glottis that prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea when swallowing occurs

Epiglottis

A glandular secretion released through a duct

Exocrine

List three sections of the stomach

Fundus, Body, Pylorus

Flatus

Gas from the intestines passes through the anus

How is peptic ulcer diagnosed

H&P, upper endoscopy, upper GI series, biopsy of the stomach lining, urea breath test

Pyrosis

Heartburn

What is the causative agent of peptic ulcers

Helicobacter pylori

Kidney disorder that can occur after a digestive infection with E. Coli, Shigella, or Salmonella; red blood cells are destroyed and block the kidney's filtering system causing acute kidney failure

Hemolytic Uremic System

An inflammation of the liver

Hepatitis

Gastritis

Inflammation of stomach lining

Secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach; necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 to prevent pernicious anemia

Intrinsic factor

Achalasia

LES does not relax, esophageal peristalsis is reduced

Where is vitamin K synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract

Large intestine

Cirrhosis

Liver disease

The cavity, channel, or open space within a tube or tubular organ

Lumen

List the structures of the gastrointestinal system

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,

A mucous-producing membrane that lines tracts and structures of the body

Mucous membrane

NAFLD

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

List two viruses that cause foodborne illness

Norovirus, Hepatitis A

Hidden or unseen

Occult

Wave-like movement from the alternating contraction and relaxation of a tubular structure, which propels the contents forwards

Peristalsis

What is mechanical digestion

Physical breakdown of food

Besides being a good reservoir and secreting gastric juices, the stomach has additional roles. List two

Producing ghrelin, producing gastrin

Dumping syndrome

Rapid gastric emptying

Pain is felt when the pressure on the abdomen is released

Rebound pain

Surgical removal of all or part of an organ

Resection

Folds in the wall of the organ; when the organ fills or needs to expand, the ability to unfold is due to

Rugae

Which structure allows the stomach to expand when it unfolds

Rugae

Describe a hiatal hernia

Section of the upper stomach pushes through an opening of the diaphragm into the chest

List two bacteria that cause foodborne illness

Shigella, E. Coli

SIBO

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Absorption

Small nutrient molecules absorbed into bloodstream from the small intestine

A circular muscle that either constricts and closes the opening or relaxes and allows substances to pass through the opening

Sphincter

Gastroparesis

Stomach motility is slowed, causing delayed gastric emptying

Ingestion

Taking food and liquid into the body

Describe how the sphincters at the top and bottom of the esophagus function

The UES stops air from entering the esophagus. LES prevents the stomach contents from moving up into the esophagus

Digestion

The breakdown of food in order for nutrient absorption to occur

Volvulus

Twisting or knotting of the GI tract

Hematemesis

Vomiting blood

Cleft lip

When the lip tissue doesn't fuse before birth

List the etiology of diverticulitis

aging, obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, low fiber diets, high animal protein diets

List two treatments commonly ordered by the provider for acute appendicitis

antibiotics and appendectomy

Halitosis

bad breath

What are signs and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease

belching, heartburn, nausea, regurgitation

List the cause of of acute appendicitis

blockage in the appendix which can increase pressure, affect blood flow, and cause inflammation

List the sections of the large intestine

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

CCK

cholecystokinin

The mixture created in the stomach that consists of gastric juices and ingested foods is called

chyme

A chronic liver disease where liver cells are replaced with scar tissue

cirrhosis

CBC

complete blood count

list three signs and symptoms of diverticulitis

constant lower left abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea

CVS

cyclic vomiting sampling

Describe celiac disease

digestive and autoimmune disorder when foods with gluten damage the small intestine

DRE

digital rectal examination

When a substance suspends tiny droplets of one liquid into a second liquid; this allows mixing two liquids that usually do not mix well such as oil and water

emulsifies

A glandular secretion that is released into the blood or lymph directly

endocrine

ERCP

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

What is chemical digestion

enzymatic breakdown of food in the stomach after mastication

EGD

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

FIT

fecal immunochemical test

FOBT

fecal occult blood test

cholelithiasis

gallstones

GER

gastroesophageal reflux

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

GI

gastrointestinal

gFOBT

guaiaic fecal occult blood test

Gingivitis

gum disease

HAV

hepatitis A virus

HBV

hepatitis B virus

HCV

hepatitis C virus

HEV

hepatitis E virus

HIDA

hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid

IPAA

ileal pouch anal anatomosis

The valve that is found between the small and large intestine is called the

ileocecal valve

Constipation

inability to produce bowel movements

describe acute appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

IVIg

intravenous immunoglobulin

IBS

irritable bowel syndrome

The _____________ in the villus of the small intestine absorbs ______________ and the cardiovascular capillaries absorb ________---- and _________________

lacteal; lipids; glucose; amino acids

Diarrhea

loose, watery bowel movements

List three signs of acute appendicitis

low fever, vomiting, diarrhea

LES

lower esophageal sphincter

List three main functions of the saliva

moistens the food, aids in swallowing, contains an enzyme to help break down starches

MT- sDNA

multi-targeted stool DNA test

Umbilical hernia

muscle around the umbilicus doesnt close at birth

list the three sections of the pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

NSAID

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

List two symptoms of acute appendicitis

pain in the lower right quadrant, inability to pass gas

An inflammation of the pancreas

pancreatitis

Sticky substance made of mucus, food particles, and bacteria that builds up on the exposed part of the tooth

plaque

List the additional functions of the liver beyond the gastrointestinal tract

produce plasma proteins, breaks down old or damaged blood cells, breaks down proteins and fats and produces energy, produces bile

PPI

proton pump inhibitor

List the accessory organs of the digestive system

salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas

Explain the function of the gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile

Cleft palate

the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus

List the enzymes created and excreted from the pancreas

trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase

List two chronic conditions that are included in inflammatory bowel disease

ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease

UES

upper esophageal sphincter

UGI

upper gastrointestinal series

Most of the gastrointestinal system organs and accessory organs are located in which cavity of the body

ventral

The small intestine contains ___________ which are small structures that are vital to proper nutrient absorption

villi

The large intestine reabsorbs _______________ and ______________ to prevent dehydration

water; electrolytes

Describe diverticulitis

when the diverticula become inflammed or infected

Jaundice

yellowing of the skin and eyes