Chapter 35, Section 1-5 / The Nervous System

Fill in missing labels in the diagram to show how a thermostat uses feedback inhibition to maintain a stable temperature in a house. Thermostat senses temperature change and switches off heating system ----> Room temperature _____ ----> Thermostat senses temperature change and switches on heating system ----> Room temperature _____ ---->

1. room temp decreases 2. room temp increases

What is fetal alcohol syndrome, or FAS?

A group of birth defects caused by the effects of alcohol on the fetus.

Circle the letter of the choice that describes action potential. A. Reversal of charges due to the flow of positive ions into a neuron B. Increase in negative ions in a neuron due to the flow of potassium out of the cell C. Change to a negative charge due to the flow of sodium ions out of a neuron D. Reversal of charges due to the flow of negative ions into a neuron

A. Reversal of charges due to the flow of positive ions into a neuron

An uncontrollable dependence on a drug is known as _______?

Addiction

People who have become addicted to alcohol suffer from a disease called ________?

Alcoholism.

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

An insulating membrane that increases speed at which an impulse can travel.

Complete the concept map. Peripheral Nervous System is separated into _______ division and _________ division. ________ division consists of Somatic nervous system and ________ nervous system.

Answer to concept map. Peripheral Nervous System is separated into sensory division and motor division. Motor division consists of Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system.

What are neurotransmitters?

Chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

How does the body detect smell?

Chemoreceptors in the lining of the nasal passageway respond to specific chemicals and send impulses to the brain through sensory nerves.

Cocaine causes the sudden release in the brain of a neurotransmitter called __________.

Dopamine

The intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes is referred to as _________?

Drug abuse.

Drug or Type of Drug 1. Stimulant 2. Depressant 3. Cocaine 4. Opiate 5. Marijuana 6. Alcohol

Effect on the body 1. Stimulant increases blood pressure. 2. Depressant decreases heart rate. 3. Cocaine acts on pleasure centers of the brain. 4. Opiate reduces pain. 5. Marijuana causes lung damage. 6. Alcohol destroys liver cells

How does a nerve impulse follow the all-or-nothing principle?

Either a stimulus will produce an impulse or it will not, depending on its strength.

What are 4 types of tissues found in the human body?

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue

T or F? Your sense of smell is actually an ability to detect pressure.

False

T or F? Cones are extremely sensitive to light, but they do not distinguish different colors.

False, cones are sensitive to color and intensity of light.

T or F? A drug is any illegal substance that changes the structure or function of the body.

False.

T / F? Sensory neurons carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

False. *Motor neurons* carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

T or F? The left hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the body's left side.

False. The left hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the body's right side, and vice versa. Because of this criss-cross wiring, damage to one side of the brain affects the opposite side of the body.

T or F? The tympanum sends nerve impulses to the brain.

False. The tympanum sends nerve impulses to the eardrum which vibrates when vibrations enter the ear which then receives sound.

Where is the greatest density of touch receptors found on the body?

Fingers, toes and face.

Part of Brain 1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Brain Stem 4. Thalamus 5. Hypothalamus

Function 1. Cerebrum controls voluntary activities of the body. 2. Cerebellum coordinates and balances the actions of the muscles. 3. Brain Stem regulates the flow of information between the brain and the rest of the body. 4. Thalamus receives and relays messages from the sense organs. 5. Hypothalamus controls hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature.

Organ System 1. Nervous system 2. Skeletal system 3. Integumentary system 4. Endocrine system 5. Lymphatic / immune systems 6. Muscular system 7. Reproductive system 8. Respiratory system 9. Excretory system 10. Circulatory system 11. Digestive system

Function 1. C 2. A 3. G 4. E 5. I 6. D 7. J 8. B 9. F 10. K 11. H

What is gray matter, and where is it found?

Gray matter is closely packed neuron cells and branching dendrites and is found most notably in the spinal cord and brain.

How does a nerve impulse begin?

It begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the environment.

How does long-term alcohol use affect the body?

It destroys cells in the liver and can lead to cirrhosis of the liver and liver failure.

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

It regulates "involuntary" activity, which is not controlled by a conscious level.

What is the function of the central nervous system?

It relays messages, processes information, and analyzes information.

Where are the photoreceptors located in the eye?

Located in the retina

How can a drug increase the transmission of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS?

Many users inject drugs to get the maximum effect. HIV can be spread rapidly from person to person when drug users share contaminated needles.

Which category of sensory receptors are sensitive to touch, sound, and motion?

Mechanoreceptors

Why is it important to have two systems that control the same organs?

Redundancy = safety / reliability of the system each system does a certain job for that organ.

The electrical charge across the cell membrane of a neuron in its resting state is called its ______?

Resting potential

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

Rods and cones.

What are three types of neurons?

Sensory neurons Motor neurons Inter-neurons

What are sensory receptors?

Structures in the skin and other tissues that detect changes in the internal or external environment.

The sense organs that detect taste are the______?

Tastebuds

What is the role of hair cells in the cochlea?

The hair cells produce nerve impulses that are sent to the brain through the cochlear nerve.

What happens if nerve cells sense that the core body temperature has dropped below 37 degrees C?

The hypothalamus produces chemicals that signal cells throughout the body to speed up their activities.

What happens if the body temperature rises too far above 37 degrees C?

The hypothalamus slows down cellular activities, minimizing the production of heat.

What is the function of the nervous system?

The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli.

What is the largest sense organ?

The skin

Describe what happens when an impulse arrives at an axon terminal.

The vesicles release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and attach themselves to receptors on the membrane of the neighboring cell. If the stimulation exceeds the cells threshold, a new impulse begins.

How do impulses travel from the eyes to the brain?

They are carried by the optic nerves.

How are neurons classified?

They are classified according to the direction in which an impulse travels.

What do photoreceptors do?

They convert light energy into nerve impulses that are carried to the central nervous system.

How can drugs disrupt the functioning of the nervous system?

They interfere with the action of the neurotransmitters.

How do the semicircular canals help maintain balance?

They monitor the position of the body, especially in the head, in relation to gravity.

T or F? Much of what we commonly call the "taste" of food and drink is actually the smell.

True

T or F? The function of the iris is to adjust the size of the pupil.

True

T or F? The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex.

True

T or F? The part of the brain that monitors and controls body temperature is the hypothalamus.

True

T or F? The skin contains sensory receptors that respond to temperature, touch, and pain.

True

T or F? Three layers of connective tissue known as the meninges protect the brain and spinal cord.

True

T or F? Alcohol is one of the most abused legal drugs.

True.

T or F? Among the most powerful drugs are the ones that cause changes in the nervous system, especially to the brain and the synapses between neurons.

True.

T or F? The most widely abused illegal drug is marijuana.

True.

Identify the four lobes of the brain.

a. Frontal lobe b. Parietal lobe c. Temporal lobe d. occipital lobe

List the two sensory functions of the ear.

a. Hearing b. Detecting positional changes associated with movement (balance).

Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the structures of the eye. a. Light enters the eye through the cornea b. The chamber behind the cornea is filled with vitreous humor c. The pupil changes in size to let more or less light enter the eye d. The lens focuses light on the retina

a. Light enters the eye through the cornea

Circle the letter of each choice that is a result of long-term use of marijuana. a. Loss of memory b. Inability to concentrate c. Increase in testosterone d. Cirrhosis of the liver

a. Loss of memory b. Inability to concentrate

List the four different categories of tastes.

a. Salty b. Bitter c. Sweet d. Sour

Circle the letter of each choice that is true about the sense of touch. a. Unlike the other senses, the sense of touch is not found in one particular place. b. All parts of the body are equally sensitive to touch c. The greatest density of touch receptors is found on the arms and legs. d. Touch is detected by mechanoreceptors

a. Unlike the other senses, the sense of touch is not found in one particular place. d. Touch is detected by mechanoreceptors

Circle the letter of each choice that is a depressant drug. a. alcohol b. morphine c. tranquilizer d. barbiturate

a. alcohol b. morphine c. tranquilizer d. barbiturate

List the levels of organization in a multi-cellular organism, from smallest to largest

a. cells b. tissues c. organs d. organ systems

Circle the letter of each choice that is part of the peripheral nervous system. a. cranial nerves b. spinal nerves c. ganglia d. spinal cord

a. cranial nerves b. spinal nerves c. ganglia

List the five general categories of sensory receptors.

a. mechanoreceptors b. thermoreceptors c. nociceptors (pain) d. chemoreceptors (changes in chemical concentrations) e. electromagnetic receptors

Circle the letter of each choice that is a stimulant drug. a. nicotine b. cocaine c. amphetamine d. codeine

a. nicotine b. cocaine c. amphetamine

Circle the letter of each activity that is controlled by the somatic nervous system. a. Beating of the heart b. Lifting a finger c. Wiggling the toes d. Pulling foot away from tack

b. Lifting a finger c. Wiggling the toes

Circle the letter of the type of tissue that connects body parts. a. nervous b. connective c. epithelial d. integumentary

b. connective

The central nervous system consists of the _____ and the _______.

brain, spinal cord

Circle the letter of the type of tissue that covers interior and exterior body surfaces. a. nervous b. connective c. epithelial d. muscle

c. epithelial

The brain and spinal cord are bathed and protected by _______.

cerebrospinal fluid

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by a band of tissue called the __________?

corpus callosum

The process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus is referred to as__________?

feedback inhibition / negative feedback

The process of maintaining a controlled, stable internal environment is called____________?

homeostasis

The two regions of the brain stem are the __________ and the _____?

medulla oblongata, pons

The eye is an example of a(n)________?

organ

The minimum level of a stimulus that is required to activate a neuron is called the ______?

threshold