Chapter 37: The End of Empire

The Balfour Declaration of 1917 promised that Palestine would A) become a homeland for immigrant Jews. B) continue as a homeland to the resident Arab Muslims. C) remain a British protectorate indefinitely. D) be partitioned into distinct Arab and Jewish zones. E) have elections to determine its future.

A) become a homeland for immigrant Jews.

As a result of the Cultural Revolution in China, A) the educated elite were persecuted, and China was deprived of their talent. B) peasant farmers killed so many sparrows that the ecological balance was thrown off. C) student demonstrators in Tiananmen Square were crushed by government troops. D) the nation achieved industrialization within a generation. E) the Red Guard was discredited.

A) the educated elite were persecuted, and China was deprived of their talent.

Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated by a A) Muslim extremist. B) Hindu extremist. C) British nationalist. D) disgruntled follower. E) brahmin.

B) Hindu extremist.

Britain withdrew from Palestine in 1947 because A) their mandate had ended. B) they could not resolve the conflict between Palestinians and Jews. C) the United Nations demanded that they leave. D) the Arab states demanded that they leave. E) All these answers are correct.

B) they could not resolve the conflict between Palestinians and Jews.

The Mau Mau uprising was an attempt to free Kenya from control by the

British

Gandhi predicted that "rivers of blood" would flow in the wake of the creation of A) Bangladesh. B) Bengal. C) Pakistan. D) the Punjab. E) the Indus River valley.

C) Pakistan.

In both Guatemala and Nicaragua in the 1950s and 1960s, A) American aid resulted in widespread popular support for the United States. B) the United States supported liberal revolutions against military dictatorships. C) the United States supported military dictatorships that were anticommunist. D) D the United States insisted on human rights as a precondition for aid. E) the United States conducted an anti-drug war.

C) the United States supported military dictatorships that were anticommunist.

Both Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru felt that communalism was

dangerous because it emphasized religion over national identity

Deng Xiaoping

opened China to foreign, capitalist values.

The Bandung Conference

pushed forward the nonalignment movement.

In the 1970s, leading Islamic thinkers sought all of the following EXCEPT

the adoption of successful western economic practices

Ngo Dinh Diem was

the first president of South Vietnam

In regard to international affairs, Nehru

was one of the leaders of the nonaligned movement.

Argentina, in the late 1970s and early 1980s,

was ruled by military dictators who caused the "disappearance" of thousands.

The regime of the Iranian Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was overthrown because A) he alienated conservative Shia Muslims with his secular reforms. B) his repressive policies alienated leftist politicians. C) he allowed U.S. corporations to heavily influence the economy. D) he allowed heavy U.S. military and economic involvement. E) All these answers are correct.

E) All these answers are correct.

Who seized power after a bloodless coup ended the monarchy of King Farouk? A) Anwar Sadat B) Gamal Abdel Nasser C) Muhammad Ali Jinnah D) Jawaharlal Nehru E) Kwame Nkrumah

E) Kwame Nkrumah

Deng Xiaoping A) masterminded the Great Leap Forward. B) was the driving force behind the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. C) was the leader of Taiwan who helped bring about tremendous economic expansion. D) fled to Taiwan after the Chinese civil war. E) brought free market reforms to China.

E) brought free market reforms to China.

After a long and bloody conflict, the Algerians gained their independence in 1962 from

France

The leader of the Arab world in the 1950s and 1960s was

Gamal Abdel Nasser.

The European country that served as the mandate power in Palestine after World War I was

Great Britain.

The Indian leader who attempted to control the massive population growth in India by ordering involuntary sterilization was

Indira Gandhi.

Gamal Abdel Nasser's internationalist position was most similar to that of

Jawaharlal Nehru.

Jomo Kenyatta was a nationalist leader in

Kenya.

The leader of the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain independence, and the most important nationalist leader in Africa, was

Kwame Nkrumah

The disastrous Great Leap Forward was backed by

Mao Zedong

What country has the Institutional Revolutionary Party ruled for much of the twentieth century?

Mexico

Who said, "The only solution to India's problem is Pakistan"?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

The leader of the African National Congress was

Nelson Madella

The U.S.-backed Somoza family ruled what country for more than forty years?

Nicaragua

Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for the creation of

Pakistan

The group that was able to take control of Nicaragua in 1976, after its guerilla operations against the ruling government, was known as the

Sandinistas.

In 1960, sixty-nine black demonstrators were slaughtered in South Africa in the ________ massacre.

Sharpeville

The Vietnamese Declaration of Independence was modeled on the

American Declaration of Independence.

The U.S.-backed government of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi in Iran was overthrown in 1979 by

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

The nonalignment movement remained weak because A) of a lack of vision or leadership among member states. B) too few states attended the Bandung Conference to achieve consensus. C) many nonaligned states needed and accepted aid from either the United States or Soviet Union. D) many new states were afraid to alienate the United States. E) All these answers are correct.

C) many nonaligned states needed and accepted aid from either the United States or Soviet Union.

Gandhi and Nehru opposed the partition of India because A) it would leave Hindu India surrounded by Muslim states. B) it would deprive India of some of its most valuable land. C) they mistrusted Muhammad Ali and the Muslim League. D) they believed that India could be a successful multicultural state. E) All these answers are correct.

D) they believed that India could be a successful multicultural state.

Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated because she A) pursued aggressive birth control policies. B) permitted an attack on Sikh extremists at the sacred Golden Temple. C) refused to consider the partition of Kashmir. D) insisted that Untouchables be fully integrated into Indian society. E) suspended the constitution for two years and ruled without being elected.

B) permitted an attack on Sikh extremists at the sacred Golden Temple.

Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser gained great international prestige when he A) negotiated a peace settlement with Israel. B) succeeded in retaking the Suez Canal from the British. C) aligned Egypt with the United States. D) aligned Egypt with the Soviet Union. E) reclaimed the Sinai peninsula from Israel.

B) succeeded in retaking the Suez Canal from the British.

Argentina in the late 1970s and early 1980s A) moved steadily toward a multiparty system. B) was ruled by military dictators who caused the "disappearance" of thousands. C) experimented briefly with a communist system. D) was invaded and briefly ruled by a Chilean puppet dictator. E) became a puppet state of the United States.

B) was ruled by military dictators who caused the "disappearance" of thousands.

The French fought to retain Algeria because A) they refused to be intimidated by terrorists. B) Algeria provided valuable mineral resources. C) there were two million French settlers in Algeria. D) President Charles de Gaulle had dreams of a restored French empire. E) All these answers are correct.

C) there were two million French settlers in Algeria.

Which of the following is NOT a reason Arab nationalism failed to materialize? A) Some Arabs are Shia and some Sunni Muslims. B) Some Arab states aligned with the United States and some with the Soviet Union. C) They did not all agree on the status of Israel. D) They shared a common language and culture. E) None of these is correct, as all are reasons for the failure of Arab nationalism.

D) They shared a common language and culture.

Conflicts between native Kikuyu and British settlers intensified in Kenya after World War II because A) white settlers had seized the best farmlands for years. B) the Kikuyu had been crowded onto tribal reserves. C) the Kikuyu had been reduced to the status of wage laborers. D) white settlers had seized the best farmlands for years, and the Kikuyu had been crowded onto tribal reserves and reduced to the status of wage laborers. E) None of these answers is correct.

D) white settlers had seized the best farmlands for years, and the Kikuyu had been crowded onto tribal reserves and reduced to the status of wage laborers.

A Geneva peace conference regarding Vietnam in 1954 A) followed the defeat of France at Dienbienphu. B) determined that Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel. C) determined that Ho Chi Minh and the communists would have control of North Vietnam. D) determined that democratic elections would be held as soon as possible. E) All these answers are correct.

E) All these answers are correct.

Apartheid ended in South Africa because A) the Sharpeville massacre instituted a new era of radical activism against it. B) the international community imposed economic sanctions against South Africa. C) President de Klerk convinced his party to dismantle the system and hold free elections. D) the African National Congress provided a vehicle for resistance. E) All these answers are correct.

E) All these answers are correct.

In The Wretched of the Earth, Frantz Fanon A) suggested that the suffering of the Africans was a result of their own sin. B) detailed the horrible conditions in Indian cities. C) stated that France was meant to rule over Africa because of the civilizing role of the Europeans. D) passionately defended the United States as the only country powerful enough to end world hunger. E) urged the use of violence against colonial oppressors.

E) urged the use of violence against colonial oppressors.

In 1946, some six thousand people died in the Great Calcutta Killing in a confrontation between

Hindus and Muslims.

The Suez Canal crisis of 1956

left Gamal Abdel Nasser as the leading figure in the Arab world.

The English and French were forced to withdraw from controlling the Suez Canal during the crisis in 1956 because

the United States condemned the attack and forced them to withdraw.

What did Gandhi prophesize would cause the flow of "rivers of blood"?

the partition of India and Pakistan

"The year of Africa" refers to

the winning of independence in 1960 of thirteen former European African colonies.

In The Wretched of the Earth, Frantz Fanon

urged the use of violence against colonial oppressors.