Chapter 4
abstinence syndrome
a characteristic cluster of withdrawal symptoms that results from sudden decease in an addictive drug's level of usage
consciousness
a concept with many meanings, including sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state
circadian rhythm
a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of the earth's rotation
stimulant
a drug that increases activity of the nervous system
depressant
a drug that lowers the rate of activity of the nervous system
mindfulness meditation (MM)
a form of meditation that provides clients with techniques they can use to focus on the present moment rather than ruminate about problems
opiates
a group of narcotics derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system
mescaline
a hallucinogen derived from the mescal (peyote) cactus
substance use disorder
a problem characterized by loss of control over usage, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
role theory
a theory that explains hypnotic events in terms of the person's ability to act as though he or she were hypnotized
barbiturate
an addictive depressant used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep
hypnosis
an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance
electromyograph (EMG)
an instrument that measures muscle tension
phencyclidine (PCP)
another hallucinogen whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure
hydrocarbons
chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon
opioids
chemicals that act on opiate receptors but are not derived from the opium poppy
nonconscious
descriptive of bodily processes, such as growing hair, of which we cannot become conscious; we may "recognize" that our hair is growing, but we cannot directly experience the biological process
direct inner awareness
direct inner awareness
flashbacks
distorted perceptions or hallucinations that occur days or weeks after LSD usage, but mimic the LSD experience
psychoactive substances
drugs that have psychological effects such as stimulation or distortion of perceptions
narcotics
drugs used to relieve pain and induce sleep; the term is usually reserved for opiates
sleep terrors
frightening, dream-like experiences that occur during the deepest stage of NREM sleep; nightmares, in contrast, occur during REM sleep
tolerance
habituation to a drug, with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve similar effects
unconscious
in psychodynamic theory, descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness; also: without consciousness
repression
in psychodynamic theory, the automatic (unconscious) ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas, impulses, or images from awareness
LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide; a hallucinogen
preconscious
n psychodynamic theory, descriptive of material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
p a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, which have been linked to dreaming
alpha waves
rapid low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxatio
secondhand smoke
smoke from the tobacco products and exhalations of other people; also referred to as passive smoking
amphetamines
stimulants derived from alpha-methyl-beta phenyl ethylamine, a colorless liquid consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
delta waves
strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during stage 4 sleep
hallucinogenics
substance that causes hallucinations
sleep apnea
temporary absence or cessation of breathing while sleeping
suppression
the deliberate, or conscious, placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness
marijuana
the dried vegetable matter of the Cannabis sativa plant
nnon-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
the first four stages of sleep
selective attention
the focus of one's consciousness on a particular stimulus
transcendental meditation (TM)
the simplified form of meditation brought to the United States by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and used as a method for coping with stress
biofeedback training (BFT)
the systematic feeding back to an organism information about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function
activation-synthesis model t
the view that dreams reflect activation of cognitive activity by the reticular formation and synthesis of this activity into a pattern
response set theory
the view that response expectancies play a key role in the production of the experiences suggested by the hypnotist
continuity hypothesis
the view that the content of dreams tends to be consistent with previous cognitive activity
narcolepsy
a "sleep attack" in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly