Chapter 4

abstinence syndrome

a characteristic cluster of withdrawal symptoms that results from sudden decease in an addictive drug's level of usage

consciousness

a concept with many meanings, including sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state

circadian rhythm

a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of the earth's rotation

stimulant

a drug that increases activity of the nervous system

depressant

a drug that lowers the rate of activity of the nervous system

mindfulness meditation (MM)

a form of meditation that provides clients with techniques they can use to focus on the present moment rather than ruminate about problems

opiates

a group of narcotics derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system

mescaline

a hallucinogen derived from the mescal (peyote) cactus

substance use disorder

a problem characterized by loss of control over usage, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

role theory

a theory that explains hypnotic events in terms of the person's ability to act as though he or she were hypnotized

barbiturate

an addictive depressant used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep

hypnosis

an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance

electromyograph (EMG)

an instrument that measures muscle tension

phencyclidine (PCP)

another hallucinogen whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure

hydrocarbons

chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon

opioids

chemicals that act on opiate receptors but are not derived from the opium poppy

nonconscious

descriptive of bodily processes, such as growing hair, of which we cannot become conscious; we may "recognize" that our hair is growing, but we cannot directly experience the biological process

direct inner awareness

direct inner awareness

flashbacks

distorted perceptions or hallucinations that occur days or weeks after LSD usage, but mimic the LSD experience

psychoactive substances

drugs that have psychological effects such as stimulation or distortion of perceptions

narcotics

drugs used to relieve pain and induce sleep; the term is usually reserved for opiates

sleep terrors

frightening, dream-like experiences that occur during the deepest stage of NREM sleep; nightmares, in contrast, occur during REM sleep

tolerance

habituation to a drug, with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve similar effects

unconscious

in psychodynamic theory, descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness; also: without consciousness

repression

in psychodynamic theory, the automatic (unconscious) ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas, impulses, or images from awareness

LSD

lysergic acid diethylamide; a hallucinogen

preconscious

n psychodynamic theory, descriptive of material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

p a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, which have been linked to dreaming

alpha waves

rapid low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxatio

secondhand smoke

smoke from the tobacco products and exhalations of other people; also referred to as passive smoking

amphetamines

stimulants derived from alpha-methyl-beta phenyl ethylamine, a colorless liquid consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

delta waves

strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during stage 4 sleep

hallucinogenics

substance that causes hallucinations

sleep apnea

temporary absence or cessation of breathing while sleeping

suppression

the deliberate, or conscious, placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness

marijuana

the dried vegetable matter of the Cannabis sativa plant

nnon-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

the first four stages of sleep

selective attention

the focus of one's consciousness on a particular stimulus

transcendental meditation (TM)

the simplified form of meditation brought to the United States by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and used as a method for coping with stress

biofeedback training (BFT)

the systematic feeding back to an organism information about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function

activation-synthesis model t

the view that dreams reflect activation of cognitive activity by the reticular formation and synthesis of this activity into a pattern

response set theory

the view that response expectancies play a key role in the production of the experiences suggested by the hypnotist

continuity hypothesis

the view that the content of dreams tends to be consistent with previous cognitive activity

narcolepsy

a "sleep attack" in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly