Chapter 4

How many electrons does one atom of carbon share to complete its valence shell?

4

Which molecule shown has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde?

A

Which of the functional groups shown is present in ethanol but not in ethane?

A

what is true of carbon

It can form both polar and nonpolar bonds.

Some carbon skeletons have different numbers and locations of double bonds to

add molecular complexity and diversity that characterize living matter

Which molecule is a part of ATP?

adenosine

Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that

are mirror images of each other

Thalidomide and L-dopa (see figure) are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that ________.

are mirror images of one another

The figure shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the ________.

arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

A carbon atom has 6 electrons however, its valency is 4. This is because the carbon atom

has only 2 electrons in its first shell and 4 in the second shell

A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Therefore, this compound ________.

should dissolve in water

The figure shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are ________.

structural isomers

The two molecules shown in the figures are best described as

structural isomers

The two molecules shown in the figure are best described as ________.

cis-trans isomers

Each bond in carbon dioxide represents

a pair of shared electrons

What is the name of the functional group shown in the figure?

carboxyl

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

carboxyl and amino groups

Which functional group shown can pick up protons and raise the pH of the surrounding solution?

B

Which molecule shown is a thiol?

B

Which of the groups is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H+ into a solution?

B

Which molecule shown contains a carboxyl group?

C

The element present in all organic molecules is

Carbon

Which molecule shown above contains a functional group that is a part of the molecule known as the "energy currency of living organisms"?

D

Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?

They have variations in arrangement around a double bond.

Amino acids are acids because they always possess ________ as the functional group?

carboxyl

Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other? Testosterone and estradiol ________.

have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton

The kind and number of bonds an atom can form depends on

its electron configuration

Which of the functional groups is not reactive but serves as a recognizable tag on the DNA molecule and alter the expression of genes in the cells.

methyl

Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that

organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth

In an ethane (C2H6) molecule, each carbon atom is bonded to ________ hydrogen atoms.

three

Differences among organisms are caused by differences in the

types and relative amounts of organic molecules synthesized by each organism