Chapter 4
How many electrons does one atom of carbon share to complete its valence shell?
4
Which molecule shown has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde?
A
Which of the functional groups shown is present in ethanol but not in ethane?
A
what is true of carbon
It can form both polar and nonpolar bonds.
Some carbon skeletons have different numbers and locations of double bonds to
add molecular complexity and diversity that characterize living matter
Which molecule is a part of ATP?
adenosine
Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that
are mirror images of each other
Thalidomide and L-dopa (see figure) are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that ________.
are mirror images of one another
The figure shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the ________.
arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
A carbon atom has 6 electrons however, its valency is 4. This is because the carbon atom
has only 2 electrons in its first shell and 4 in the second shell
A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Therefore, this compound ________.
should dissolve in water
The figure shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are ________.
structural isomers
The two molecules shown in the figures are best described as
structural isomers
The two molecules shown in the figure are best described as ________.
cis-trans isomers
Each bond in carbon dioxide represents
a pair of shared electrons
What is the name of the functional group shown in the figure?
carboxyl
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
carboxyl and amino groups
Which functional group shown can pick up protons and raise the pH of the surrounding solution?
B
Which molecule shown is a thiol?
B
Which of the groups is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H+ into a solution?
B
Which molecule shown contains a carboxyl group?
C
The element present in all organic molecules is
Carbon
Which molecule shown above contains a functional group that is a part of the molecule known as the "energy currency of living organisms"?
D
Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?
They have variations in arrangement around a double bond.
Amino acids are acids because they always possess ________ as the functional group?
carboxyl
Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other? Testosterone and estradiol ________.
have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton
The kind and number of bonds an atom can form depends on
its electron configuration
Which of the functional groups is not reactive but serves as a recognizable tag on the DNA molecule and alter the expression of genes in the cells.
methyl
Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that
organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth
In an ethane (C2H6) molecule, each carbon atom is bonded to ________ hydrogen atoms.
three
Differences among organisms are caused by differences in the
types and relative amounts of organic molecules synthesized by each organism
