Chapter 4: Carbohydrates
How many grams of sugar (based on a 2000-kcal diet) with 10% of the caloric intake from Alan sugar be equal to?
50 grams
The threshold for diagnosis the diabetes is a hemoglobin A1c level greater than
6.5%
Type 2 diabetes
A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance in often associated with obesity
Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AI?
Choose fiber rich fruits, choose whole grains, and choose vegetables
Which of the following food choices comply with the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines?
Choose frozen blueberries with no added sugar's instead of sweetened frozen blueberries, add beat acorn squash as a side dish with dinner, and she's brown rice instead of white rice in a recipe
Which of the following reasons reasons for low fiber intake in the United States?
Lack of knowledge and high and intake of processed foods
Name the disaccharide that is also known as "milk sugar"
Lactose
The main form of carbohydrate found in dairy foods is
Lactose
Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?
Large waist circumference, high blood triglycerides, high blood pressure, low HDL cholesterol, and high fasting glucose
__________ is a disaccharide made of two glucose molecules bonded together
Maltose
Patient experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating
Meals with a mixture of macro nutrients and meals on a regular schedule
Luo Han guo is the extract of
Monk fruit
Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes take place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?
Mouth and small intestine
If carbohydrate intake is in adequate in glycogen stores are depleted, the body can produce more glucose by breaking down
Muscle
The primary function of glycogen is to store glucose for later use. Glycogen stored stored in the liver and
Muscles
What are the two storage sites for glycogen in the human body?
Muscles and liver
Which of the following non-nutritive sweeteners are currently available in the flood supply in the United States?
Neotame, acesulfame-k, and aspartame
Monosaccharides are absorbed into intestinal cells and then enter the
Portal vein for transport to the liver
Which of the following are sources of starch in the diet?
Potatoes, pasta, and whole wheat bread
__________, A type of functional fiber, include a group of short chain carbohydrates or oligosaccharides, resistant to human digestion but fermented by bacteria in the colon
Prebiotics
About 75% of the worlds population has__________ lactose maldigestion, which results from a normal and gradual decline in lactose production with age
Primary
For a person with insulin resistance, the pancreas
Produces plenty of insulin, but selves cannot use it effectively
Which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrate once it has been absorbed?
Producing fat, release directly into the bloodstream for use by organs, and producing glycogen
___________ are use in some types of gum, breath mints, and candy because they are not readily metabolized by bacteria to acids in the mouth and thus to not promote tooth decay
Sugar alcohols
Which type of fiber is fermented by bacteria in a large intestine?
soluble fiber
What are the two storage sites for glycogen in the human body?
Liver and muscles
The inability to recognize whole-grain products at the time of purchase is one reason for a
Low fiber intake
Refined grains are__________ in fiber that whole grains
Lower
Which of the following influence glycemic index?
Macronutrients in a meal and physical structure
Salivary amylase is inactivated in the
Stomach
What is the technical term for high blood sugar?
hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia is a __________ blood glucose level
low
__________ is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages
maltose
Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many( e.g., hundreds) of glucose units together?
polysaccharides
Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?
sorbitol
Complex carbohydrates are also known as
starch
What are other names for complex carbohydrates?
starch and polysaccharides
All sweeteners are compared to the sweetness found in
sucrose
What are some natural food sources of sucrose?
sugar beets and maple sugar
Alternative (or artificial) sweeteners
sweeten foods while providing few or no calories and include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose
Stevia is an alternative sweetener derived from
A South American shrub
Type 1 diabetes
A form of diabetes characterized by total insulin deficiency due to distraction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas
Which of the following are symptoms associated with diverticulitis?
Abdominal pain
What is the guideline that is set at a level 100 times less than the level at which no harmful affects were noted in animal studies?
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
Which is the most appropriate definition of Acceptable Daily Intake?
Amount of sweetener in individual can safely consume daily over a lifetime
Which type of starch makes up 80% of digestible starches in the diet?
Amylopectin
What is digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units called?
Amylose
Why is it not a good idea consume excessive amounts of sugar alcohols?
Because it can cause diarrhea
A patient with metabolic syndrome scores high on 3 of 5 risk factors. A__________ of 100mg/dL or higher is considered a risk factor
Blood glucose
High levels of hemoglobin A1c indicates chronically elevated
Blood glucose
Ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of Ketone bodies in the_________
Bloodstream
A whole grain is defined as a grain that contains the whole grain seed or curl. The three components of a green seed or kernel include the
Bran, germ, and endosperm
Which macronutrients provide 4 kcalories per gram?
Carbohydrates
Which of the following is another term for glucose?
Dextrose
Type 2 Diabetes can often be effectively manage through
Diet, moderate weight loss, and physical activity
How are nonstartch polysaccharides listed on food labels?
Dietary fiber
Sugar alcohols are advantageous in food products because they
Do not promote dental caries and provide fewer calories than sugar
What is the purpose of the Whole Grain Sam that food manufactures use on grain products?
Do you identify foods made with whole grains
True or false: aspartame is heat stable so it is appropriate for using and cooking
False
True or false: consumption of sugar induces hyper activity among children
False
True or false: dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials
False
True or false: vegetables must be consumed raw to enjoy their nutrient benefits
False
What is the best way to confirm that the product contains 100% whole-grains?
First word on the ingredients list should be "whole" and look for the Whole Grain stamp on packaging
Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and__________
Fructose
Which MyPlate food groups provide many high-fiber foods?
Fruits, greens, and vegetables
Symptoms of hypoglycemia should resolve quickly with the consumption of
Glucose and carbohydrate
Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes?
Heart, nerves, eyes, and kidneys
Because of its low cost, shelf-stability, and desirable food properties__________, is used in the manufacture of many processed foods, including soft drinks, condiments, and snack foods
High-fructose corn syrup
Amylopectin
Highly branch chain of glucose units
Which of the following processed foods or beverages are high and added sugars
Ice cream, cakes, and soda
Amylase is
In enzyme
Which of the following are true about cellulose?
Insoluble fiber, made of glucose molecules, and straight-chain polysaccharide
In people with type 1 Diabetes, the cells of the pancreas stop producing
Insulin
Individuals with type 1 diabetes have to be treated with which approach?
Insulin
Long-term low-carbohydrate intake is not recommended because it will lead to
Ketosis
What is the process called when fat does not break down completely yielding Ketone bodies?
Ketosis
Choose the "1 cup equivalents" for the dairy group
1 Cup of milk, yogurt, or soy milk, 1.5 ounces of natural cheese, and 2 ounces of processed cheese
Rank each of the following food based on carbohydrate content, from highest (top) to lowest (bottom)
1. Baked potato, 1 medium 2. Fat free milk, 1 cup 3. Egg, 1 large
Place an order the following for steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates (from top to bottom)
1. Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acid in the stomach 2. Enzymes breakdown starting to maltose in the small intestine 3. Viscous fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine 4. Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in the feces
The acids produced from fermented soluble fibers are absorbed and provide about __________ kcal per gram
1.5
What is the RDA for carbohydrates for adults?
130 grams per day
Overcrowding the diet with sweets leaves little room for__________ foods such as fruits and vegetables
Nutrient-dense
What are the two broad classes of sweeteners?
Nutritive and alternative
The monosaccharides in the Di saccharides are designed as__________because they provide calories
Nutritive sweeteners
Examples of whole grains include
Oatmeal, cracked wheat(bulgur), and whole wheat flour
Which of the following is the best source of soluble fiber?
Oats
Choose risk factors for type 2 diabetes
Obesity, especially intra-abdominal obesity, physical inactivity, pre-diabetes, family history of diabetes, and history of gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes
Occurs in some pregnant women and resolves after delivery of the baby
How is the starch content of a food typically explain on a food label?
Other carbohydrates
Which of the following are solvable (viscous) fibers?
Pectins, gums, and mucilages
Examples of functional fiber include
Polydextrouse, resistant starch, and insulin
The "K" in Acesulfame-K represents
Potassium
Which of the following are appropriate uses of aspartame?
Sugar-free gelatin desserts, diet soft drinks, and sugar-free chewing gum
Which foods can help to reduce the amount of acid on teeth?
Sugar-free gum, cheese, and peanuts
Sucrose, glucose, dextrose, and maltodextrin are a few examples of__________ in food products
Sugars
Which of the following are considered nutritive sweeteners (I.e., they provide calories)?
Sugars and sugar alcohols
Which of the following is considered nutritive sweeteners (I.e., they provide calories)?
Sugars and sugar alcohols
What is a hemorrhoid?
Swelling of a vein in the anal region
Of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?
amylopectin
primary lactose maldigestion
chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose
Insulin (effect on blood glucose)
decreases blood glucose
What is a risk of consuming sugars in the diet?
dental caries (cavities)
Which of the following foods contain essentially no carbohydrates?
eggs, beef, and butter
Which of the following are monosaccharides?
fructose, glucose, galactose
Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?
galactose, glucose, and fructose
Fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine leads to the production of
gases and acids
Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.
glucose
Nutritionally similar to table sugar, honey contains
glucose and fructose
People with diabetes are at risk for developing
Cardiovascular disease
True or false: to treat an episode of diverticulitis, individuals should increase their fiber intake
False
True or false: type 2 diabetic patients always require insulin
False
True or false; type 1 Diabetes only begins during childhood
False
In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?
Fasting glucose, triglycerides, and blood pressure
What is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol, acids, and carbon dioxide without the use of oxygen called?
Fermentation
A diet excessive in__________ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc
Fiber
What is the primary difference between fiber and starch?
Fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can
What has contributed two few were dental caries in North American children over the last 20 years?
Fluoridated water and fluoridated toothpaste
Glycemic index is influenced by which of the following?
Food processing, start structure, and fiber content
Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetics?
Frequent urination, extreme thirst, and excessive hunger
Excessive intake of__________ may result in diarrhea
Fructose
What is the term use for fiber that does not appear naturally in food but is added to foods?
Functional fiber
Glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone___________
Glucagon
Glycogen is a branch structure comprised of many__________ units bonded together
Glucose
In the liver, galactose is transformed into__________, most common monosaccharide
Glucose
Most of the fruit is consumed in the diet is converted to__________( another monosaccharide) in the liver
Glucose
Which monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?
Glucose and galactose
What helps motivated individuals achieve blood glucose goals?
Glycemic index and Carbohydrate counting
What are the forms of carbohydrate that can be used by the cell as fuel?
Glycogen and glucose
Which of the following measurements could be used to identify a person with prediabetes?
HbA1c between 5.7% to 6.4% and fasting blood glucose from 100 to 125 mg/dl
Choose characteristics of the alternative sweetener Neotame
Heat stable, 7000 to 13,000 sweeter then table sugar, and safe for use by people with PKU
Which of the following may occur as a result of excessive training during defecation?
Hemorrhoids and diverticular
Lactose maldigestion that occurs from a specific cost, such as long-standing diarrhea, and results in a decline in lactose production is considered_________lactose maldigestion
Secondary
The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing among children who are
Sedentary and obese
Which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Shakiness, sweating, palpitations, anxiety, and hunger
Choose the characteristics accurately describe the alternative sweetener advantame
Similar to aspartame but much sweeter, does not need to include alerts for PKU, and stable a high temperatures and can be used as a tabletop sweetener
Why may combining lactose-containing foods with other foods help facilitate lactose digestion?
Slows the digestion process, that's giving more time to digest lactose
Most carbohydrates are absorbed from the
Small intestine
Where do you enzymes breakdown disaccharides sucrose, lactose, and maltose into monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, and galactose?
Small intestine
Where is the lactose enzyme produced?
Small intestine
Which of the following are major sources of added sugar's in American diet?
Soft drinks, dairy desserts, and cakes and cookies
Pectins, gums, and mucilages are classified as__________ fiber
Soluble (viscous)
A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because
Soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted and fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber is in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver
What does "other carbohydrates" on a food label often referred to?
Starch
Which types of food promote dental caries (i.e., cavities)?
Starchy and sticky
Amyplose
Straight chain of glucose units
The artificial sweetener made by adding three chlorine atoms to sucrose is
Sucralose
Which alternative sweetener is good for cooking because it doesn't break down under high heat conditions?
Sucralose
The carbohydrate that is considered the benchmark against which all other sweeteners are measured is_________
Sucrose
Select all the following are nutritive sweeteners
Sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, and sorbitol
Identify names of sugars that may be added to foods
Sucrose, honey, and agave nectar
Excessive consumption of this type of sugar may have a laxative effect
Sugar alcohol
According to the Food and Nutrition Board, carbohydrates should provide__________% to____________% of total calories in the diet
45; 65
How much milk can most individuals with decreased lactose production tolerate?
1/2 or 1 cup
The World Health Organization recommends in upper limit of__________ of total kcal from added sugars
10%
At what initial level is fasting blood glucose considered to be too high and is an indicator of metabolic syndrome?
100 mg/dL
What is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?
126 mg/dl
Identify how many hours it takes before glycogen stores are depleted in the liver if no carbohydrate is consumed
18
Aspartame supplies 4 kcal per gram, but it is__________, so only a small amount is used to sweeten food products
200 times sweeter than sugar
A medium banana provides approximately what percentage of the RDA for carbohydrate?
25%
What percent of North American show signs of lactose maldigestion?
25%
What is the Adequate Intake Level of dietary fiber for men?
38 grams
Which of the following artificial sweeteners can be used in baked goods?
Acesulfame-K, sucralose, and Neotame
Which of the following statements about fiber are true?
Add spoke to the feces, is a complex carbohydrate, and a substance found in plants
Soft drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of___________ in American diet
Added sugars and calories
What American populations are at a particularly high risk of developing type w diabetes?
African Americans, Latino/Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans
saccharine is an
Alternative sweetener
Which type of sweetener is the sweetest?
Alternative sweeteners
Which two of the following are forms of starch that are digestible by humans?
Amylose and amylopectin
Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?
Amylose, cellulose, and amylopectin
Which type of fiber is in undigestible, non-fermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules?
Cellulose
Which of the following are good sources of viscous fiber?
Apples, kidney beans, and carrots
Which alternative sweetener contains the amino acid phenylalanine and aspartic acid?
Aspartame
An individual who is experiencing an episode of diverticulitis should
Avoid fiber
Cow's milk and other dairy products are especially rich sources of which two nutrients?
Calcium and I
A high-________ dietary pattern is clearly associated with development of dental decay
Carbohydrate
Fermentation occurs when
Carbohydrate is converted to alcohol, acids, and carbon dioxide without the use of oxygen
Wheat
Contains a high amount of gluten which enables speakers to create risen breads
What are some characteristics of sugar alcohols?
Contribute fewer calories and sugars and absorbed and metabolized more slowly
Which of the following are ways to select or prepare potatoes that Will produce a slower rise in blood glucose?
Cook potatoes and then refrigerate overnight before eating and buy "new" potatoes that have thin skins
Which of the following can assist the digestion of carbohydrates even before food enters the mouth?
Cooking food
As intake of added sugar's increase, dietary quality
Decreases
When cells are deprived of glucose, they metabolize lipids for energy, a process that results information of ketones. High levels of ketone in the blood lead to
Dehydration, coma, and ion imbalances
Stephen complains to his doctor a frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the past 3 months, he also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends him for test to see if he has
Diabetes
Which of the following may occur with a high and take a fructose?
Diarrhea
Several well controlled studies found that sugar in the diet________~ affects children's behavior
Did not
True or false: Anutritive sweetener is sweeter tasting than an alternative sweetener
False
True or false: epinephrine is a hormone that acts to decrease glycogen breakdown in liver
False
True or false: fermentable fiber is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria
False
True or false: it is unlikely that a person with diabetes is undiagnosed
False
True or false: most cases of type 1 Diabetes begin with an immune system disorder, which causes distraction of the insulin-producing cells and liver
False
True or false: most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune System disorder, which causes distraction of the insulin-producing cells and liver
False
True or false: soluble fibers are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria
False
True or false: the chemical bonds between individual sugar units and fiber can be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract
False
What sugar is generally 55% fructose, use extensively in the food industry, and cheaper to produce than sucrose?
High-fructose corn syrup
Barley
Highest in fiber; very slow cooking
What is the main health benefit of nonfermentable (insoluble) fiber?
Improves gastrointestinal health
Type 1 diabetes results from
Inadequate insulin production
Glucagon (effect on blood glucose)
Increases blood glucose
The key element that underlies all the conditions of the metabolic syndrome is
Insulin resistance
The combination of a very high fiber intake (>60 grams per day) and low fluid intake can lead to
Intestinal blockages and constipation
What are the unhealthy consequences for an excessively high intake of fiber?
Intestinal blockages and decreased absorption of zinc and iron
Acesulfame-K is a useful alternative sweetener because
It does not cause dental caries and it is heat-stable and can be used in baking
Why is glycogen an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the human body?
It has a branched structure that can be broken down quickly
Which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates?
Jam, dried fruit, and table sugar
What is produced from a particular breakdown of fat and can lead to dehydration, ion imbalance, coma, and even death?
Ketones
Corn
Known for its sweet flavor
It is important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not use__________ for energy
Protein
If you do not consume adequate carbohydrates, what other dietary components can supply energy?
Protein and fat
Which types of cells can only use simple carbohydrates for fuel?
Red blood cells
Which of the following are benefits of including some insoluble fiber in the diet?
Reduces constipation and reduces transit time to feces
Which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrate on it has been absorbed?
Release directly into the bloodstream for use by organs, producing fat, and producing glycogen
Quinoa
Rich and high quality protein, this is a small, light colored round grain
Which alternative sweetener has been on the market the longest?
Saccharine
Which of the following may be used for treatment of type 2 diabetes?
Taking oral medications to help lower blood glucose, injecting insulin to help lower blood glucose, and incorporating physical activity in the daily routine
Who is at risk for over consuming empty calories in place of nutrients essential for growth?
Teenagers and children
secondary lactose maldigestion
Temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose
Why can't fibers be absorbed in the small intestine?
The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber
The source of energy for carbohydrates production by plants comes from
The sun
Which of the following are true about polysaccharides?
They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits, they are sometimes called complex carbohydrates, they are sometimes called starches, and they are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain
The treatment for metabolic syndrome is essentially the same as a treatment for what other diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes
True or false : honey contains spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and can be fatal if given to infants
True
True or false: 2 cups of raw leafy greens are considered a "1 cup equivalent" from the vegetable group
True
True or false: An ADI is an estimate of the amount of a sweetener that is individual can safely consume on a daily basis over the lifetime
True
True or false: Latino/Hispanic Americans are at an increased risk of having lactose maldigestion
True
True or false: Neotame is a non-Nutritive, High intensity sweetener that, depending on its food application, is approximately 7000 to 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar
True
True or false: Prolong chewing of a cracker causes it to taste sweeter
True
True or false: When dietary consumption of carbohydrates exceed the amount needed for energy and glycogen storage, excess Carbohydrates will be stored as fat
True
True or false: a diet that contains excessive fiber and insufficient fluid may contribute to blockages in the intestine
True
True or false: a diet that is very high in sugar is linked to health problems such as obesity
True
True or false: aspartame Appears to be safe for use by women and children
True
True or false: because it's branched structure that can be broken down quickly, glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body
True
True or false: cellulose Is in undigestible, nonpayment of all, stretching polysaccharide made of glucose molecules
True
True or false: functional fiber must show beneficial effects and humans, whereas total fiber is the contribution of dietary fiber and functional fiber in the food
True
True or false: obesity is linked to a diet high in refined carbohydrates
True
True or false: once glucose, galactose, and fructose enter the absorptive Cells, they are transported to the portal vein and then to the liver
True
True or false: salivary amylase is secreted in the mouth and begins to the process of carbohydrate digestion in the human body
True
True or false: the dietary guidelines recommend increasing whole grain intake by replacing some refined grains with whole greens
True
True or false: the liver and muscles are the major storage sites of glycogen
True
True or false: the main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel
True
True or false: the primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide energy
True
True or false: to avoid constipation, adequate fiber and water should be consumed
True
True or false: to increase bulk of a high fiber meal promotes a feeling of stillness without you'll need many calories
True
True or false: type 2 Diabetes is strongly associated with obesity
True
True or false: viscous fiber is fiber that is readily fermented
True
True or false: while the brain prefers glucose as its source of fuel, it is also use ketone bodies for energy
True
True or false: while the brain prefers glucose as its source of fuel,it can also use ketone bodies for energy
True
True or false:during low carbohydrate intake, that is not completely metabolized, leading to the formation of ketone bodies
True
Those those who have diabetes, about 1/3 to 1/2 are
Undiagnosed
Which of the following are common food sources of amylose?
Vegetables, beans, bread, pasta, and rice
When is glucose most likely to produce fat?
When overall calorie needs are exceeded
What food is often used as the standard for comparison to determine the glycemic index?
White bread
Which of the following types of fruit or a good source of dietary fiber?
Whole and cut-up
