Chapter 4

4.3. _____ relates to the learner's decision regarding what information to attend to, how to remember, and how to solve problems. a. Cognitive strategy b. Motor skill c. Attitude d. Verbal information

Answer: a - Cognitive Strategy

4.21. _____ use concrete experience and reflective observation and are good at generating ideas and seeing a situation from multiple perspectives. a. Divergers b. Assimilators c. Convergers d. Accommodators

Answer: a - Divergers

4.24. Learner-learner interaction is most appropriate when learners have to _____. a. master a task that is completed alone b. maximize their critical thinking and analysis skills c. acquire personal knowledge based on experience d. enhance their self-awareness and self-assessment

Answer: c - acquire personal knowledge based on experience

4.25. _____ refers to practicing a task continuously without breaks. a. Overlearning b. Whole practice c. Massed practice d. Continuous learning

Answer: c - massed practice

4.11. Which of the following creates a learning orientation in trainees? a. Emphasizing trained task performance b. Emphasizing competition among trainees c. Ensuring trainees completely avoid errors and mistakes d. Allowing trainees to experiment with new knowledge and skills

Answer: d - Allowing trainees to experiment with new knowledge and skills

4.27. Which of the following is an example of the internal conditions necessary for learning? a. Providing trainees opportunities to practice new skills b. Strong messages provided to trainees from credible sources c. Verbal persuasion d. Recall of training content

Answer: d - Recall of training content

4.22. _____ refers to individual control over one's thinking. a. Modeling b. Instrumentality c. Valence d. Metacognition

Answer: d - metacognition

4.6. Behavior modification is a training method that is primarily based on _____. a. goal setting theory b. information processing theory c. expectancy theory d. reinforcement theory

Answer: d - reinforcement theory

4.26. Which of the following is a disadvantage of communities of practice (COPs)? a. Employees are reluctant to participate without an incentive and fear sharing their knowledge with others. b. They are not naturally occurring in companies; hence, they have to be forced. c. Social interaction is discouraged; hence, learning occurs off the job. d. They make it tedious for employees to share best practices, learn from one another, and improve business processes.

Answer: a - Employees are reluctant to participate without an incentive and fear sharing their knowledge with others.

4.20. Good decisiveness, practical application of ideas, and hypothetical deductive reasoning are characteristics of individuals with a _____ learning style. a. converger b. diverger c. assimilator d. accommodator

Answer: a - converger

4.13. In the context of expectancy theory, _____ relates to trainees' beliefs that they perform the trained skill. a. expectancy b. instrumentality c. self-efficacy d. valance

Answer: a - expectancy

4.10. Juan, an operations manager has been assigned to train a group of older employees in the logistics department. He has to train them to use new computer software. He begins by reminding them that they were quick in learning the old software. Juan is trying to _____. a. increase the employees' self-efficacy b. deter expectancies of the employees c. create motor reproduction d. raise the valence of the behavior

Answer: a - increase the employees' self-efficacy

4.9. Logical verification to increase self-efficacy typically involves _____. a. perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task already mastered b. trying out the observed behaviors to see if they result in the same reinforcement that a model received c. motivating trainees by having employees who have mastered the learning outcomes demonstrate them d. determining the degree of support for using newly acquired capabilities

Answer: a - perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task already mastered

4.8. _____ is a person's judgment about whether he or she can successfully learn new knowledge and skills. a. Self-efficacy b. Self-actualization c. Self-esteem d. Self-concept

Answer: a - self-efficacy

4.14. According to the _____, transfer will be maximized when the tasks, materials, equipment, and other characteristics of the learning environment are similar to those encountered in the work environment. a. theory of identical elements b. stimulus generalization approach c. cognitive theory of transfer d. information processing theory

Answer: a - theory of identical elements

4.1. Which of the following statements is true of training? a. Recognizing employees' preferences regarding how they want to learn is not advisable. b. It is important to realize that for training to be effective, both learning and transfer of training are needed. c. Transfer of training is to be considered only after the completion of training. d. Transfer of training involves having employees who already have mastered the learning outcomes demonstrate them for trainees.

Answer: b - It is important to realize that for training to be effective, both learning and transfer of training are needed.

4.23. _____ refers to the learner's involvement with the training material and assessing their progress toward learning. a. Automatization b. Self-regulation c. Elaboration d. Generalization

Answer: b - Self-regulation

4.5. Intellectual skill as a learning outcome primarily includes the capability to _____. a. state or describe previously stored information b. apply generalizable concepts and rules to solve complex problems c. execute a physical action with precision and timing d. choose a personal course of action

Answer: b - apply generalizable concepts and rules to solve complex problems

4.19. The learning cycle for a trainee begins with a(n) _____. a. reflective observation b. concrete experience c. abstract conceptualization d. active experimentation

Answer: b - concrete experience

4.12. In expectancy theory, the belief that performing a given behavior is associated with a particular outcome is called _____. a. valence b. instrumentality c. maintenance d. generalizing

Answer: b - instrumentality

4.17. In the learning processes, semantic encoding typically involves _____. a. informing learners of the lesson objective b. providing learning guidance to individuals c. providing learners cues that are used in recall d. providing feedback about performance correctness

Answer: b - providing learning guidance to individuals

4.7. Behavior modeling is a training method that is primarily based on _____. a. goal setting theory b. social learning theory c. expectancy theory d. reinforcement theory

Answer: b - social learning theory

4.2. Which of the following examples best reflects an attitude as a learning outcome? a. State three reasons for following company safety procedures. b. Design and code a computer program that meets customer requirements. c. Gain a greater appreciation for work-life balance. d. Shoot a gun and consistently hit a small moving target.

Answer: c - Gain a greater appreciation for work-life balance.

4.4. Which learning outcomes relate to the ability to design and code a computer program that meets customer requirements? a. Cognitive strategies b. Attitudes c. Intellectual skills d. Motor skills

Answer: c - Intellectual Skills

4.18. Which of the following statements is true of organizing as a learning strategy? a. It focuses on memorization of training content. b. It focuses on learning through repetition of training content. c. It requires the learner to find similarities and themes in the training material. d. It requires the trainee to relate the training material to other, more familiar knowledge, skills, or behaviors.

Answer: c - It requires the learner to find similarities and themes in the training material.

4.16. _____ is a learning process that involves identifying learned material in long-term memory and using it to influence performance. a. Generalizing b. Semantic encoding c. Retrieval d. Gratifying

Answer: c - Retrieval

4.15. Which of the following statements is true of closed skills? a. They require the trainee to adapt the general principles to fit a wide range of circumstances. b. They refer to training objectives that are linked to general learning principles. c. They refer to skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on the job. d. They are more difficult to train than open skills.

Answer: c - They refer to skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on the job.