CHAPTER 4
Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of
Inattentional blindness
A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that
has high stimulus salience
When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ____ areas.
high-saliencey
The Stroop effect demonstates
how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing
A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that
it takes a strong signal to cause activation
scene schema is
knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.
Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?
late selection
If you are folding towels that have just come out of the laundry while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the process of folding the towels. This sort of familiar task that does not require much of your attention would be an example of a(n) ____ task.
low-load
Strayer and Johnston (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that
talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent
According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following except
task cuing
automatic processing occurs when
tasks are well-practiced
The cocktail party effect is
the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli
Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because
the filter eliminates unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information
Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that
the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.
The Stroop effect occurs when participants
try to name colors and ignore words
Which of the following statements concerning the "100 car naturalistic driving study" is true?
video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows.
Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements
were determined primarily by task
Which theorist is responsible for proposing the idea of a filter model of attention?
Donald Broadbent
The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as
divided attention
According to the filter model of attention, which of the following messages would likely be identified by the filter?
All messages within earshot
According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
Platypus
Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component?
The dictionary unit
Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention?
The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane experiment
In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ____ when they were ____ of that word.
ambiguous sentences; unawarye
During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed on the wall. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location is because of a process called ____ .
binding
____ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.
binding
Difficulty in recognizing an alteration - even a very obvious one - in a scene is called
change blindness
Which of the following options would not be an important factor in automatic processing?
close attention
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
color and the name differed
Illusory conjunctions are
combinations of features from different stimuli
Which of the following everyday scenarios is most likely to support the early selection approach would say about how attention will affect the performance of the two tasks involved
conversing on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle
Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people
could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time
Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the ____location.
cued
Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?
dichotic listening
Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention?
dictionary
Dichotic listening occurs when
different messages are presented to the left and right ears
Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of
meaning
The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ____ of words.
meaning
The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for
meaning
In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier
once processing had become automatic
The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's ____ attention.
overt
In Simons and Chabris's change blindness experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because
participants were counting the number of ball passes
Posner and coworkers (1978) deduced which of the following from their research?
people move their attention from one place to another
The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on
physical characteristics
According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the
preattentive stage
The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called
same-object advantage
When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is
saying the message out loud
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.
selective
In the filter model of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order?
sensory store, filter, detector, stm
In a dichotic listening experiment, ____ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message in one ear among competing messages in the other ear.
shadowing
Imagine that U.S. lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?
when the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate
