Chapter 4. Prenatal Development and Birth (ccri)

A reflex is:

involuntary response to a stimulus

An Apgar test is administered at ___ and ___ minutes after birth.

1 ; 5

A pulse of _____ or more beats per minute is healthy for a newborn.

100

A preterm baby is born ____ or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of a typical pregnancy.

2

Sam was just born and his skin looks blue, his heartbeat is rapid, and he is crying. However, he is rather weak and inactive and has slow respiration. What is his Apgar score?

6

What percentage of natural conceptions fail to grow or implant properly?

60 percent

What percentage of women experience postpartum depression?

8 to 15 percent

NBAS is an acronym for:

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Exposure to teratogens during the ______________ period, carries the greatest risk of developmental abnormalities.

Embryonic

What is the most critical period of prenatal development?

Embryonic

The stage of prenatal development that lasts from week 3 through week 8 is the:

Embryonic stage

What is the longest period of prenatal development?

Fetal period

Germinal Period (Zygote)

From conception, typically in the fallopian tube, to implantation, typically in the uterus conception to 14 days

Which of the following happens during the germinal period? The blastocyst becomes a fetus. The indifferent gonad differentiates. The placenta is implanted. The neural tube forms.

The placenta is implanted

During the fetal period, the rate of growth slows as the infant prepares for birth.

True

stepping reflex

a neonatal reflex in which an infant lifts first one leg and then the other in a coordinated pattern like walking

What is a teratogen?

a substance that increases the risk of prenatal abnormalities

jane is pregnant with her first baby. She is currently 38 weeks to term. What could you tell her about the current brain development of her developing baby?

all parts of the brain are formed

Components of APGAR

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

Since the brain regulates___________, advances in the CNS are critical for fetuses to reach the age of viability.

basic body functions

Agents and conditions that harm the prenatal brain and impair learning and behavior are called:

behavioral teratogens

Teratology is the study of:

birth abnormalities

Which of the following occurs during the germinal period of development? organ formation cell differentiation viability neural tube formation

cell differentiation

inner cell mass (ICM)

embryoblast, will become the fetus

Which of the prenatal periods is the shortest?

germinal

The embryonic period begins with _____and lasts for _____weeks.

implantation ; six

Which term describes feelings of inadequacy and sadness following the birth of a baby?

postpartum depression

When is the most serious damage from teratogens likely to occur?

prenatal development

Which of the following is a reflex that is critical for survival?

rooting

The SRY gene signals the development of the:

sex organs

Which of the following develops during the fetal period? fingers and toes facial features sex organs the heart

sex organs

The critical difference between survival of a preterm baby and a full-term newborn is in:

the maturation of the neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems

A baby described as small for gestational age (SGA):

weighs significantly less than expected for the time since conception

Babies born before ____ weeks of gestation typically do not survive.

22

The embryo has all of the basic organs and body parts (except male and female organs) at approximately how many weeks after conception?

8 weeks

The first two weeks of prenatal development are called the fetal period.

False

At the end of the embryonic period, the embryo has all of the basic organs and body parts (except sex organs) of a human being.

True

Genes can influence the effects of teratogens.

True

Teratogens increase the risk of harm but do not always cause damage.

True

Fetal alcohol syndrome is associated with:

abnormal facial features

By mid-pregnancy the fetus may look fully formed, but development of the ____________ and ____________ will take more time to become appropriately mature for survival.

brain ; lungs

outer cell mass

the trophoblast, which gives rise to the embryonic part of the placenta.

The stage of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week after conception until birth is the:

fetal stage

In order to fit within the skull, the outer layers of the developing brain form:

folds

Which factor is associated with neural-tube defects?

folic acid deficiency

Certain teratogens are relatively harmless in small doses but become harmful once exposure reaches a certain level. This is called:

the threshold effect

The Palmer reflex refers to which motion?

grasping

The end of the germinal period is marked by the _____ of the _____in the wall of the uterus.

implantation; blastocyst

what three factors influence the effects of teratogens?

level of exposure, heredity, and age

The prenatal term viability means:

life outside the womb is possible

What is the most prevalent cause of low birthweight (LBW)?

malnutrition

categories of teratogens

medicines, psychoactive drugs, maternal diseases and infections, poor maternal nutrition, and environmental pollutants.

Advances in which area are critical in attaining the age of viability?

neurological functioning

The Apgar scale measures the:

newborns health following birth

During the embryonic period

organs and major systems of the body form.

Parental involvement in kangaroo care consists of:

skin-to skin-contact between parent(s) and newborn.

The neural tube eventually develops into:

spinal cord

The age of viability is:

the age at which the fetus can, with specialized medical care, survive outside the uterus.