Chapter 4. Prenatal Development and Birth (ccri)
A reflex is:
involuntary response to a stimulus
An Apgar test is administered at ___ and ___ minutes after birth.
1 ; 5
A pulse of _____ or more beats per minute is healthy for a newborn.
100
A preterm baby is born ____ or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of a typical pregnancy.
2
Sam was just born and his skin looks blue, his heartbeat is rapid, and he is crying. However, he is rather weak and inactive and has slow respiration. What is his Apgar score?
6
What percentage of natural conceptions fail to grow or implant properly?
60 percent
What percentage of women experience postpartum depression?
8 to 15 percent
NBAS is an acronym for:
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
Exposure to teratogens during the ______________ period, carries the greatest risk of developmental abnormalities.
Embryonic
What is the most critical period of prenatal development?
Embryonic
The stage of prenatal development that lasts from week 3 through week 8 is the:
Embryonic stage
What is the longest period of prenatal development?
Fetal period
Germinal Period (Zygote)
From conception, typically in the fallopian tube, to implantation, typically in the uterus conception to 14 days
Which of the following happens during the germinal period? The blastocyst becomes a fetus. The indifferent gonad differentiates. The placenta is implanted. The neural tube forms.
The placenta is implanted
During the fetal period, the rate of growth slows as the infant prepares for birth.
True
stepping reflex
a neonatal reflex in which an infant lifts first one leg and then the other in a coordinated pattern like walking
What is a teratogen?
a substance that increases the risk of prenatal abnormalities
jane is pregnant with her first baby. She is currently 38 weeks to term. What could you tell her about the current brain development of her developing baby?
all parts of the brain are formed
Components of APGAR
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
Since the brain regulates___________, advances in the CNS are critical for fetuses to reach the age of viability.
basic body functions
Agents and conditions that harm the prenatal brain and impair learning and behavior are called:
behavioral teratogens
Teratology is the study of:
birth abnormalities
Which of the following occurs during the germinal period of development? organ formation cell differentiation viability neural tube formation
cell differentiation
inner cell mass (ICM)
embryoblast, will become the fetus
Which of the prenatal periods is the shortest?
germinal
The embryonic period begins with _____and lasts for _____weeks.
implantation ; six
Which term describes feelings of inadequacy and sadness following the birth of a baby?
postpartum depression
When is the most serious damage from teratogens likely to occur?
prenatal development
Which of the following is a reflex that is critical for survival?
rooting
The SRY gene signals the development of the:
sex organs
Which of the following develops during the fetal period? fingers and toes facial features sex organs the heart
sex organs
The critical difference between survival of a preterm baby and a full-term newborn is in:
the maturation of the neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems
A baby described as small for gestational age (SGA):
weighs significantly less than expected for the time since conception
Babies born before ____ weeks of gestation typically do not survive.
22
The embryo has all of the basic organs and body parts (except male and female organs) at approximately how many weeks after conception?
8 weeks
The first two weeks of prenatal development are called the fetal period.
False
At the end of the embryonic period, the embryo has all of the basic organs and body parts (except sex organs) of a human being.
True
Genes can influence the effects of teratogens.
True
Teratogens increase the risk of harm but do not always cause damage.
True
Fetal alcohol syndrome is associated with:
abnormal facial features
By mid-pregnancy the fetus may look fully formed, but development of the ____________ and ____________ will take more time to become appropriately mature for survival.
brain ; lungs
outer cell mass
the trophoblast, which gives rise to the embryonic part of the placenta.
The stage of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week after conception until birth is the:
fetal stage
In order to fit within the skull, the outer layers of the developing brain form:
folds
Which factor is associated with neural-tube defects?
folic acid deficiency
Certain teratogens are relatively harmless in small doses but become harmful once exposure reaches a certain level. This is called:
the threshold effect
The Palmer reflex refers to which motion?
grasping
The end of the germinal period is marked by the _____ of the _____in the wall of the uterus.
implantation; blastocyst
what three factors influence the effects of teratogens?
level of exposure, heredity, and age
The prenatal term viability means:
life outside the womb is possible
What is the most prevalent cause of low birthweight (LBW)?
malnutrition
categories of teratogens
medicines, psychoactive drugs, maternal diseases and infections, poor maternal nutrition, and environmental pollutants.
Advances in which area are critical in attaining the age of viability?
neurological functioning
The Apgar scale measures the:
newborns health following birth
During the embryonic period
organs and major systems of the body form.
Parental involvement in kangaroo care consists of:
skin-to skin-contact between parent(s) and newborn.
The neural tube eventually develops into:
spinal cord
The age of viability is:
the age at which the fetus can, with specialized medical care, survive outside the uterus.