Chapter 4 Quiz, Chapter 6 quiz

What six factors contributed to the rapid growth and increase the Puerto Rican migration to the mainland after WWII?

1. backlog of people that were supposed to move but couldn't because of the war 2. Many Puerto Rican men fought in WWII and had been trained in the U.S. and developed an awareness of the opportunities on the mainland. 3. Many provided information to friends and relatives back home They helped new arrivals find jobs, andoffered a place to stay and food for new migrants. 4. The Puerto Rican government created a Migration Division within its Department of Labor that facilitated movement to the mainland and assisted new arrivals in making the necessary adjustments 5. The cost and effort of traveling to New York City were greatly reduced. 6. Heavy population growth in Puerto Rico was creating population pressure and heavy strains on the island's labor force capacity

Explain the SES and different economic outcomes between Cubans and Dominicans in Puerto Rico. (100)

As noted, the waves of Dominican migrations to Puerto Rico involved changes in SES, from the mainly educated Dominicans from the high school strata during the earlier decades, to the more diversified populations from medium and low socio- economic backgrounds of later years. Despite these early differences in arrival SES, today the Dominican population living in Puerto Rico consistently has been less educated than those living in the U.S. -Dominicans SES decreased as they migrated to Puerto Rico. Very educated at first, but then medium-low socioeconomic status.

Puerto Nuevo

Barrio itself- parte de vega baja municipio. The westernmost, is located around the Puerto Nuevo area, an area known for poverty and as a home to many Dominican immigrants. Puerto Nuevo experiences many floods, affecting hundreds of Dominicans. Dominicans in general tend to live in clusters located in lower- income areas, more so than any other group. We turn now to the Cuban group, an immigrant group, second only to Dominicans who are the dominant immigrant group

Rio Piedras Barrios

Barrio-Buen Consejo, Capetillo, El Cinco, Gobernador Piñero, Hato Rey Central, Hato Rey Norte, Hato Rey Sur, Oriente, Río Piedras Antiguo, Sabana Llana Norte, Sabana Llana Sur, Universidad, Caimito, Cupey, Monacillo, Quebrada Arenas, Sabana Llana Rural, Tortugo

The national origin of the majority of U.S. illegal Latino immigrants?

Mexico

Historically, the majority of Mexican Americans have resided in the Borderlands Region. They also have dispersed to other places. What was the difference in their settlement patterns in the Midwestern states compared to those in the Western Mountain and Pacific Northwest states?

Midwestern- Urban (Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee)

Rio Piedras

Most dominant cluster. Home of the University of Puerto rico. Used to contain substantial middle class housing. Wealthy moves out and housing is remodeled for immigrant rentals and student apartments. Weather went to suburbs and rented their homes or sold their homes and left. Where the immigrants are dominant- known for poverty.

Mexican Americans have been stereotyped as a rural population. Is this accurate?

No

A number of non- western states had few illegal Latino immigrants prior to 1990 but saw their numbers increase substantially by 2000. Name two southern states that experienced the largest increases.

North Carolina Georgia

What led to modern racism and discrimination against Domincans in Puerto Rico?

Rapid political changes, such as colonization, causes change in individual identities. Racial systems are created by previously-colonized countries that favor light skin individuals and mimic racially based systems. Internalized oppression and colonized mentality describe psychological effects. Absolute-opposite associations with color were created. For example, white- pure, clean, rich, and holy. Black- demoness, impurity, dirty, and poverty. New colonziers create categories based on their cultural understanding of race.

U.S special interests led to relationships with Caribbean nations. Explain.

The US interest in the Caribbean and Puerto Rico helped reshape the Puerto Rico experience. US special interest in the DR and Cuba helped to influence the movement of dominicans and cubans to the US and to PR. This would provide the background for the development of ethnic settlement clusters of the 21st century discussed here based on the theoretical model, US census data, and environmental variables derived from the Geographical Information System (GIS) and remotely sensed imagery.

Which ethnic groups live in ethnic clusters in San Juan in this chapter?

The ethnic groups from the Caribbeans that live in ethnic clusters in San Juan are the Cubans, Dominican and Puerto Ricans.

Status of dominicans created an obstacle

stunted economic progress as they were viewed as inferior. -Cubans had better economic outcomes -Dominicians had lowest mean income

In 1961, what political events occurred that influenced Dominican migration?

In 1961 the country suffered political and economic hardships that stimulated migration. The flow has been towards the US, Spain, and neighboring countries. a. The assassination of Rafael Trujilo in 1961 b. A coup d'etat against the new President Bosch in 1963 c. A civil war in 1965 d. The US military occupation of the Dominican capital in 1965

Politically

In Puerto rican- cubans have been more widely accepted by the natives due to their status as exiles. However, Dominicans experience unwelcome feelings and opposition.

Only 1500 Puerto Ricans were counted on the U.S. mainland by the 1910 U.S. Census. During the 1920s, nearly 41,000 additional Puerto Ricans migrated there. What two factors prompted this surge?

- The economic boom that followed WWI and the limitations placed upon European immigration through the Immigration Act of 1924 prompted this surge

After the reverse Mexican migration slowed the growth of Mexican- U.S. population in the 1930s, what 1940s federal program spurred an increase in future Mexican legal and illegal immigration to the U.S?

-Bracero Program- contract farm labor program -Mexican workers were transported to agricultural areas to bolster labor shortages in WWII -Provided economic opportunities for both legal and illegal immigrants.

What reasons are given for the migration of Cubans to the U.S., rather than to nearby Latin American nations?

-By the mid 1800s there had developed a sizable exodus of Cubans in response to the political turmoil on the island. Political persecution Key West, Tampa, and NYC became places of refuge for Cuban political political exiles that were plotting to overthrow Spanish rulers -American entrepreneurs and businessmen played a major role in reviving the Cuban economy after the Spanish- American War and Cuba's independence from Spain. -Cuba became economically independent on the US, as it was on the soviet union.

This is the third largest group of Latino ancestry living on the U.S mainland. They also are the first Latino group to move to the U.S. as their "nation of first asylum."

-Cubans

What are the three chief arguments on the anti- immigration groups, who wish to limit Latino immigration?

-Decreases wages and increased unemployment -"Freeload" on social services -Unable to contribute economically

What important role did the railroads play in the demand for Mexican labor in the same period?

-Dispersed Mexican migrants into the US -Integrated southwest into US industrial economy -Mexicans were needed because of factory and mining employment and railroad construction.

Describe the process that explains how barrios and other Mexican- American settlements became highly segregated in Borderland central cities.

-Geographic isolation, housing restriction, and voluntary congregation perpetuated residential segregation in the Borderland cities. -First, the barrios became engulfed. A second process involves the filtering down of housing from one group to another. -As anglos or other minority groups vacate central city locations, lower-income populations, including Mexican Americans, move into the inner city neighborhoods

What state contained the greatest number of Mexican- Americans in 2000?

-In 2000, California had 8.4 million. Then Texas (5 million), and Arizona had 1 million. Borderland states. -California with 6.1 million Mexican Americans

Puerto Rican settlement on the U.S. mainland followed the patterns of many other ethnic groups. Describe Puerto Rican settlement geography in these terms.

-Large cities, central cities of large metropolitan areas, and the suburbs -NY, NJ, and Connetcut -Illinois, mainly industrial area of Chicago and northwest Indiana -Primary area of concentration tended to be adjacent to the major areas of Black settlement within the city -Puerto Ricans did not numerically dominate the neighborhoods in which they lived to the same degree as other immigrants did in the past -Amount of segregation within the Puerto Rican population based upon different levels of economic achievement

Which of the following is true regarding Latino politics and political power?

-Latino diverse in politics -In California, care about immigration and alien residency -NY and Chicago, care about War in Iraq -Different between states -Cuban-Americans in FL: more likely republican -Alberto Gonzales, Mexican American first Latino attorney general -Mel Martinez, former secretary of Housing and Urban Development - First Latino elected in 30 years

Although there was no major Latino concentration in Dade County (Miami) prior to 1959, Cubans revitalized and dominated what new Miami neighborhood afterwards?

-Little Havana - Cheap housing, offered businesses that offered Cubans best employment opportunities

What was the "Mariel Boatlift" and why was it not welcomed by Florida?

-Mass emigration of Cubans who departed from Cuba's Mariel harbor for the U.S between April- September 1980 -Not welcomed because people thought that Castro was using it as a way to empty his jails and mental hospitals

What metropolitan regions (in two states) are home to the majority of Cubans residing in the U.S?

-Miami, Florida -Union City- West, New York in New Jersey

After a growth of net migration from the island to the U.S mainland in the 1980s, the 1990s again witnessed a slowing of Puerto Rican migration to the mainland. Why?

-Puerto Rican officials and the U.S. coast guard who worked to curtail illegal immigration from the Dominican Republic, many who would take on Puerto Rican identities and then move again to the U.S.

What employment opportunities generated Mexican labor migration between 1900 and 1930?

-Railroad construction -Western Irrigation projects -Factory work -Citrus and cotton cultivation -Beet sugar industry -Truck farming

What is the literal translation for the term barrio and what other term is used to describe this settlement?

-Sometimes referred to as colonias (suburbs) because they were located far from the city center, also formed in the Borderlands as urban expansion engulfed agricultural settlements housing Mexican-American workers -Barrio means neighborhood -Colonias

Who were the "Golden Exiles" and what did this imply about the first wave of Cuban refugees after Castro took power?

-The 1959 to 1962 era of Cuban immigration to the US -Implication was that the majority were former members of the elite classes in Cuba -Partly correct, refugees were a diverse group Virtually all occupations were represented among the immigrants. -37% high employment category (lawyers, judges) -Groups of refugees were overrepresented relative to the Cuban population.

Name of this region of early Hispanic and the ancestors of Mexican Americans, it contains New Mexico, which held the largest Hispanic population in 1821.

-The borderland region of the Southwestern US from Texas to California. -Borderland region contained New Mexico, Arizona, Texas and California.

What is the "neighborhood gap"? Where, regionally, is the neighborhood gap the greatest? How does the neighborhood gap become manifested besides housing?

-The gap is greatest in the northeast between Latinos and Whites -Neighborhood gap is the difference in income in neighborhoods based on race -Neighborhood gaps manifest themselves in the quality of schools and school segregation between Latinos and whites -Non-hispanic whites have considerable advantage over Latinos -Average white lived in neighborhoods higher incomes -Gap between Whites and Latinos greatest in northeast Income disparities - Quality of schools and schools, segregation

During the 1960s and 1970s, Puerto Rican migration to the mainland slowed and net migration was substantially lowered from the previous period. Why?

-There was narrowing of the income differences between the US and Puerto Rico rice -The push factors in Puerto Rico were reduced as the standard of living began to improve due to the efforts of Operation Bootstrap -Significant amount of return migration developed that partially offset the emigration from Puerto Rico

What attracted Dominicans to Puerto Rico in modern times?

-They liked Puerto Rico's role in the Caribbean as a US territory, its economic development during the second half of the 20th century, a history and culture similar to Cuba and DR, and its proximal convenient location with both nations. -Open political relationship- used PR as a back door to enter the US legally and illegally. -They had similar history and cultural traits, food, religion, music, and language. Intermarriage was allowed

What was Operation Bootstrap and why was it significant?

-Was to attract corporations from the mainland in an effort to reduce Puerto Rican unemployment and dependence on the agricultural economy. Both increasing population pressure and declining agricultural employment provided strong incentives for Puerto Ricans to leave the island

Describe Cuban settlement geography in the U.S.

-⅔ live in Florida -The next largest state is New Jersey, New York, California and Texas

Sancture

Barrios- Condado, Barrio Obrero, Isla Grande, Sagrado Corazón, Las Casas, Buenos Aires, Ocean Park, Parque, Tras Talleres, Villa Palmeras, Martin Pena, Las Palmas, Loíza, Lsa Marías, Minillas, Figueroa Miramar, Cantera. Historically divided between rich and poor. Highest income areas (Condado-rich) and Cantera-poor.

Today, a state, this was the last area of the above region to be settled by Spanish and Mexican people in the late 1700s and early 1800s. This was a reaction to perceived threat of Russian and British intrusion into the region.

California

Five states were the destinations for the majority of illegal Latino immigrants, which two had the highest numbers?

California- top two Texas- top two Florida New York New Jersey

Economically

Cubans and Dominicans have diff economic outcomes due to political status, time of arrival, and racial backgrounds. When Cubans arrived- economy was booming. When dominicans arrived- economy was in decline. Cubans viewed as white, Dominicans viewed as black by natives.

Intensified economic/ social crises in the Dominican Republic in the 1980s led to out- migration by what types of migrants? (95-96)

This led to the outmigration of the general population to leave their homeland, resulting in diversified Dominican- emigrant socio-demographic profile. The new exodus, for the first time, included dark-skinned populations and members of the lower socio-economic strata.