Exam 2 Ch3 HISTORY
Dominion of New England
Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies-and later New York and New Jersey-by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; dominion reverted to individual colonial governments three years later
Mercantilism
Policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies to benefit the mother country
Bacon's Rebellion
Unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkeley's administration because of governmental corruption and because Berkeley had failed to protect settlers from Indian raids and did not allow them to occupy Indian lands
William Penn was a devout member of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. Identify the statements that describe this religious group.
believed in the equality of all persons (including women, blacks, and Indians) before God faced persecution in England the first group of whites to speak out against slavery
Many migrants settled into the British colonies. Identify the statements that describe the redemptioners.
indentured families that received passage to the New World in exchange for an agreement to work off their debts formed tightly knit farming communities in rural New York, western Pennsylvania, and the southern backcountry
"Enumerated" goods were the most valuable colonial products in the mercantilist system between England and its colonies. Identify the items that were considered "enumerated" goods.
sugar tobacco
English Toleration Act
A 1690 act of Parliament that allowed all English Protestants to worship freely
Glorious Revolution
A coup in 1688 engineered by a small group of aristocrats that led to William of Orange taking the British throne in place of James II
Salem Witch Trials
A crisis of trials and execution in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692 that resulted from anxiety over witchcraft
While slavery had existed for generations in many other parts of the world, American slavery was unique for many reasons. Identify what made American slavery different from slavery in other countries.
A large number of slaves were under a single owner, rather than being dispersed within and among the population. Labor on slave plantations was much more demanding than household slavery at any other time and in any other place. Slavery in America was based on the plantation, an agricultural enterprise.
King Philip's War
A multiyear conflict that began in 1675 with an Indian uprising against white colonists Its end result was broadened freedoms for white New Englanders and the dispossession of the region's Indians
English Bill of Rights
A series of laws enacted in 1689 that inscribed the rights of Englishman into law and enumerated parliamentary powers such as taxation
Covenant Chain
Alliance formed in the 1670s between the English and the Iroquois nations
Lords of Trade
An English regulatory board established to oversee colonial affairs in 1675
Plantation
An early word for a colony, a settlement "planted" from abroad among an alien population in Ireland or the New World Later, a large agricultural enterprise that used unfree labor to produce a crop for the world market
Walking Purchase
An infamous 1737 purchase of Indian land in which Pennsylvania colonists tricked the Lenni Lanape Indians The Lanape agreed to cede land equivalent to the distance a man could walk in thirty-six hours, but the colonists marked out an area using a team of runners
When the English took over New York from the Dutch, they continued to allow religious toleration but minimized the rights the Dutch had given to which of the following groups of people?
Blacks Women
In the late eighteenth century, there was a stark difference between a "society with slaves" and a "slave society." Identify the statements that describe life for blacks in Virginia's "slave society."
Blacks were not allowed to own arms. Blacks were tried in separate courts from whites. Blacks had to be able to demonstrate they were free or show passes from their owners if found off the plantation.
Identify the statements that describe staple crops and why they were so important to settlers.
Crops like tobacco and rice that were produced for the world market created great wealth for the farmers. Because of the lack of credit and money, colonists had to rely on creating their own wealth, and farming staple crops was a reliable source of revenue.
Identify the statements that describe the Lords of Trade and Dominion of New England.
Dominion of New England Ruled by the former New York governor, who did not have to answer to an elected assembly, reinforcing impressions that James II was an enemy of freedom Super-colony made up of New England colonies by James II in order to extract more money from America Lords of Trade Established in England to oversee colonial affairs
Mercantilism encouraged the use of commerce to enrich countries. Identify the statement that describes how the Navigation laws supported mercantilism between England and its colonies.
English colonies of the New World had to export their raw materials only on English ships and sell them at English ports
Staple Crops
Important cash crops; for example, cotton or tobacco
Backcountry
In colonial America, the area stretching from central Pennsylvania southward through the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and into upland North and South Carolina
Redemptioners
Indentured families or persons who received passage to the New World in exchange for a promise to work off their debt in America
How did the English Toleration Act of 1690 impact the society of Massachusetts?
It created tensions by forcing Puritans to accept Protestants into their communities and leadership roles
Identify the statements that describe the consumer revolution in the eighteenth century.
Items that used to be considered luxuries, available only to the wealthy, became accessible to modest farmers. Shops in port cites flourished. British merchants supplied American traders with loans, allowing them to import goods and sell them on the frontier.
What was Bacon's Rebellion (1676) largely fought over?
Land
Navigation Acts
Law passed by the English parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, 1650-1775; enforcement of the act led to growing resentment by colonists
There were many rebellions that occurred in the late seventeenth century in both England and the colonies. Most triumphant were the Maryland rebels. Identify the statement that describes what caused the end of religious toleration in Maryland.
Maryland's Protestant Association overthrew the colonies Catholic proprietor, Lord Baltimore
The Indian uprising led by Metacom, or King Philip's War, was the "bloodiest and most bitter conflict" to erupt in southern New England in the late seventeenth century. Identify the statements that describe this conflict and the dynamics between the settlers and Indians.
Metacom was captured and executed, while those Indians who were captured were sold into slavery in the West Indies. As a result of the conflict, settlers were able to confirm their view that Indians were savages. Indian tribes formed an alliance, allowing them to attack several English colonies at one time.
William Penn's "holy experiment" allowed the Quakers to thrive in colonial Pennsylvania. Identify the statements that describe how Penn put his ideas into practice in Pennsylvania.
Native Americans were treated peacefully. Moral laws governing personal behavior were present. Immigrants from all over Europe, no matter the faith they belonged to, were welcome.
By the mid-eighteenth century, the different regions of the British colonies had developed distinct economic and social orders. Identify the economic and social orders of each of the regions.
New England Small family farms that produced food for local consumption Virginia and South Carolina Slave plantations that produced tobacco Middle Colonies Farmers that produced grains for their own use and sale abroad
Identify the colony that first belonged to the Dutch but later came under English control and King James's brother, the duke of York.
New Netherland
Identify the colony that was founded as a place of spiritual freedom and of peace between Indians and settlers.
Pennsylvania
Identify the statements that describe poverty in the colonies in the eighteenth century.
Poor colonists were viewed as lazy and responsible for their own poverty. Half the wealth in the colonies was held by the richest 10 percent. Poverty was not as widespread in the colonies as it was in England.
A goal of religiously minded English Protestants was to convert natives to their faith. Identify the name given to those native Christian converts.
Praying Indians
Society of Friends (Quakers)
Religious group in England and America whose members believed all persons possessed the "inner light" or spirit of God; they were early proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights for women
Yamasee Uprising
Revolt of Yamasee and Creek Indians, aggravated by rising debts and slave traders' raids, against Carolina settlers Resulted in the expulsion of many Indians to Florida
Initially, Carolina settlers tried raising cattle and trading with the natives, but what cash crop was ultimately responsible for Carolina's success?
Rice
When war broke out between natives and colonists, Indians who had already converted to Christianity found themselves in the middle. Identify the statement that describes the outcome of this conflict for Indians who converted to Christianity.
The "Praying Indians" lost their land and goods necessary for their survival, and were also subjected to diseases
Identify the statements that describe the Covenant Chain and its outcomes.
The English formed an alliance with the Iroquois Nations and pledged to support each other in territorial acquisition and defeat of other tribes. The Iroquois Nations helped the British attack the French and their Indian allies. It led Iroquois Nations to adopt a policy of neutrality, allowing them to play European empires off each other in their attempt to profit from the fur trade.
Identify the statements that describe the Glorious Revolution in England and its impact on the colonies.
The Glorious Revolution was the culmination of the long struggle between Parliament and the crown for the English government, which established parliamentary supremacy. As a result of the Glorious Revolution, fault lines in colonial society were exposed, providing an opportunity for local elites to regain authority. As a result of the Glorious Revolution, Protestant domination was secured in most of the colonies.
Metacom
The chief of the Wampanoags, whom the colonists called King Phillip He resented English efforts to convert Indians to Christianity and waged a war against the English colonists, one in which he was killed
Identify the statements that describe the colonial elite.
The colonial elite often sought to emulate the lifestyle and customs of the British elite, by wearing English fashion and encouraging their sons to go to school in England. The colonial elite enjoyed time in Charleston or Philadelphia, both urban centers at the time that provided theaters and social events.
Identify the statement that explains why Virginia and Maryland shifted toward a reliance on slave labor.
The freedoms Pennsylvania offered European settlers led to a decrease in indentured servants sailing for Virginia and Maryland, causing those settlements to seek alternative labor sources