Chapter 4 sociology test
The concept of the looking-glass self explains
how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgments of us.
Why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given when we try to understand how other people define a situation?
we tend to believe that it is harder to manipulate expressions given off
Why is it increasingly difficult to use sociological models that assume that interaction involves copresence?
New technology makes it much more common to interact with someone without being physically in the same place.
Children raised without human interaction or with minimal human contact are referred to as ________ children.
feral
The University of California, Santa Barbara, is located near the Pacific Ocean and many students live within walking distance to the beach. Although the students feel that it's perfectly normal to wear a bathing suit while at the beach, most of them put on a cover-up or wrap themselves in a towel to make the short walk back to their apartments. This is because the beach, unlike the street, is a(n) ________ where wearing nothing but a bathing suit is considered normal and acceptable.
front
What is a parent experiencing when he has to decide between being on time for work or helping his child with a homework assignment?
role conflict
A person who leaves his or her job of twenty years to retire is undergoing what process?
role exit
A high school football coach is worried about how he should handle his roster. On the one hand, it's his job to try to win as many games as possible, which means playing the best players. On the other hand, his contract also requires him to try to allow every member of the team to meaningfully participate. The tension he feels is the result of
role strain
Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process?
socialization
Victor of Aveyron was a feral child who wandered out of the woods in 1800 when he was approximately twelve years old. After being reintroduced to human society, Victor was incapable of talking and never fully adjusted to life with other humans. This case shows the importance of
socialization.
The term "master status" is defined as a
status that seems to override all other statuses a person possesses
In what way is a game of football like society according to George Herbert Mead?
In both football and society, individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of everyone else.
Which of the following is one of the steps in Charles Cooley's model of the looking-glass self?
we interpret other's reactions to us
What might sociologists argue family members are violating if a bride is upset on her wedding day because her family members don't seem excited enough for her?
the feeling rule
A research study examined how teachers at community colleges handled retirement. The study found that the unique culture of such institutions had a significant effect on how retirees coped with their new situation. Which of the following could be the title of a paper written about this study?
"The Role Exit Process of Community College Faculty: A Study of Faculty Retirement"
Which of the following is an example of a feeling rule?
Boys don't cry.
Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization?
Family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences.
Why is playing organized games an important part of an older child's development of the self according to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead?
Game playing involves learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players' actions.
Kenneth Gergen coined the term "the saturated self" to describe the type of self that results from
Kenneth Gergen coined the term "the saturated self" to describe the type of self that results from
Who argued that the personality passes through four distinct psychosexual stages of development?
Sigmund Freud
What did Sigmund Freud suggested in his book The Interpretation of Dreams?
The conscious level of awareness is the tip of the iceberg, and just below the surface are the subconscious and the unconscious.
Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter which of the following?
a total instituion
Which of the following is an example of resocialization?
a women relearning basic skills after a car accident
A student sitting through a boring class glances over at a friend and rolls his eyes. What would Erving Goffman call this?
an expression of behavior
Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of
an individuals personal front
Considering that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance, scholars have called Erving Goffman's ideas
dramaturgy
What sort of status would having a physical disability be?
embodied
One of the most striking contrasts in restaurants is between the demeanor of cooks and that of servers. Servers are paid to be nice, pleasant, and courteous. Cooks, on the other hand, are usually not required to act this way. The part of a server's job that does not apply to a cook is called
emotion work
What do sociologists call it when people's jobs require them to manage their feelings as part of their official duties?
emotion work
Resocialization is particularly necessary when people are cut off from society and their former identities are stripped away. Which of the following is an example of a life change that would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization?
enter into total institution
Many people are afraid of picking up hitchhikers. Imagine that a hitchhiker, to get a ride, makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can so that he looks like he's a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker. A sociologist would say that the hitchhiker was working on
impression managent
Susie isn't old enough to go to school yet, but she loves to play house. She has a toy stove and she pretends to be a mother. Sometimes, when playing house gets boring, she goes outside, takes a garden hose, and pretends to be a firefighter. George Herbert Mead would say that Susie is
in the play stage
The term "socialization" refers to the
lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.
Role conflict occurs when an individual has
multiple roles that are in conflict with each other.
As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?
peers
A woman is hired at a restaurant. On her first day, she is given strict instructions to always wear black pants with a white shirt, to never carry a notepad, and to always address customers as "Sir" or "Madam." All of these things are elements of the waitress's
personal font
Someone who is newly divorced after a long marriage and now wants to start dating again may find that many of the norms of dating have changed. Behaviors like splitting the check or talking about safe sex may be new for this person. This process of having to learn and adjust to the new rules of dating is an example of
resocialization.
A traffic cop pulls over a speeder only to discover that the driver is a close friend. The police officer is torn because her professional obligations demand that she punish the speeder, but her personal obligations suggest that she should give a friend a break. This is an example of
role conflict
What did Harvard Medical School researchers conclude about the effects of the media on young people in Fiji who until recently lacked widespread access to television?
televison affected the young womens body image
The nature vs. nurture debate helps us understand
the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning
Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual?
the family
A sociologist observes that kindergartners are not just being taught about arts and crafts. They are also being taught how to be students including how to follow rules, remain in their seats, and other skills that will be necessary for the rest of their education. What are these other things that are taught in kindergarten called?
the hidden curriculum
Read the quote from Freud below, which describes a part of the mind as he theorized it. It is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality, what little we know of it we have learnt from our study of the dream-work and of the construction of neurotic symptoms. . . . We all approach [it] with analogies: we call it a chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations. Which part of the mind was he talking about?
the id
Imagine a child who consistently gets mediocre grades and is often picked last for team games. He likes to make silly jokes and play pranks and he notices that people laugh when he does so. The child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. This is part of the process that Charles Cooley called
the looking-glass self
What is the relationship between Sister Pauline Quinn's program, in which prison inmates train service and therapy dogs, and sociological concepts of the self and of interaction?
the process of training dogs helps resocialize prisioners
In the psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud, which part of our mind is responsible for representing culture within us and serving as the moral component of our personality?
the superego
Which of the following is true of expressions given off as defined by Erving Goffman?
they are typically nonverbal, but they are observable in various ways
Recent research by marine biologists suggests that bottlenose dolphins have names for themselves. Scientists played sounds they had identified as the names of particular dolphins by putting them through a synthesizer so that they did not sound like the voices of particular dolphins. The researchers found that dolphins would respond to the names of other dolphins to which they were related or with which they were associated, but they ignored the names of strangers. This discovery suggests a much greater degree of self- awareness in aquatic mammals than was previously suspected. If this research is accurate, what does it suggest about dolphins?
they have a sense of self similar to that of humans
Which of the following is one of the goals of socialization?
to teach norms, values, and beliefs
According to George Herbert Mead, the dual nature of the self refers to the idea that
we experience the self as both subject and object