Chapter 42 Hematology
Differential
A blood test in which total WBC's and the individual amounts of the five types of WBC's are measured and recorded for analysis; also see WBC with differential
Antibodies
A complex glycoprotein produced by B lymphocytes in response to an antigen
Complete blood count(CBC)
A frequently ordered laboratory test consisting of white blood cell count and differential, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocyte indices, and platelet count
Thalassemia
A hemolytic anemia caused by deficient hemoglobin synthesis; more commonly found in those of Mediterranean heritage
Erythropoietin
A hormone produced mainly by the kidney in response to lowered oxygen levels: stimulates the production of red blood cells to increase blood oxygen levels
Polycythemia
A red blood cell count that is higher than normal
Erythrocytes
A red blood cell(RBC)
International normalized ratio
A standardized result calculated from the patients prothrombin time(PT)and a reference standard used to measure blood clotting time; aka INR
Eosinophils
A type of leukocyte increased in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Monocytes
A type of leukocyte, react to antigens, engulfing and destroying antigens through phagocytosis
Basophils
A type of leukocyte, release histamine as immune response, causes inflammation such as hives, asthma, allergy symptoms
Lymphocytes
A type of leukocyte, smallest, T called and B cells, NK (natural killers)cells
Leukocyte
A white blood cell(WBC), two categories agranular, granular
Leukocytosis
Abnormal increase of leukocytes(white blood cells)
Macrocytosis
Abnormally large red blood cells with a mean corpuscular volume above 95 fl., can indicate Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency
Thrombocytopenia
Decreased platelets, due to inadequate production by bone marrow, destruction of cells in spleen, autoimmune disorders, petechiae
Morphology
Description of the structural characteristics of blood cells
Hypochromia
Diminished hemoglobin in RBC's, Red flood cells appearing paler with more area of central pallor, iron deficiency anemia, Thalassemia, pernicious anemia, blood loss, Vitamin B 12 deficiency
Leukopenia
Diminished number of leukocytes, WBC count less than 4500u/l, due to bone marrow deficiency, chemotherapy drugs, autoimmune disorders
Anemia
Hbg and Hct testing are generally used to diagnose what?
Iron(Fe+)
Hemoglobin contains what element?
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
Identifies some of the proteins, also known as factors,involved in the blood clotting process, normal range 25-35 seconds, the higher the result the longer it takes the blood to clot
Anemia
Inadequate amount of oxygen-carrying RBC's in the blood
Hyperchromia
Increased hemoglobin in red blood cells
Thrombocytosis
Increased platelets, anemia, cancer, certain medications, leukemia, polycythemia vera
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)
Measures the rate in millimeters per hour at which red blood cells settle out in a tube, aka sed rate
Coumadin, Warfarin ,Plavix
Name 3 commonly used blood thinning medications.
Spinach, turnips,eggs,oysters,red meat
Name 5 foods high in iron
Five major types of Leukocytes
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
Thrombocytes
Platelets in the blood, form clots, control bleeding, produced in bone marrow, smaller in size than RBC's and WBC's
Antigens
Protein markers on cells that cause formation of antibodies and react specifically with those antibodies
Schistocytes
RBC's are fragmented
Spherocytes
RBC's show no area of central pallor
Target Cells
RBC's that resemble a target with light and dark rings
Microcytosis
Red blood cells are smaller than usual, can indicate iron deficiency
Petechiae
Small, pinpoint broken blood vessels on the skin
Polychromasia
Some red blood cells(RBC's) have a blue color: bluish RBC's are more immature cells
Prothrombin Time(PT)
Test that monitors a patients blood clotting time, normal range 10-14 seconds
Hemoglobin
The functioning unit of the red blood cell, made up of protein, includes iron consumed in diet
Neutrophils
The most abundant leukocyte and the main granulocyte, engulf and digest foreign substances, release digestive enzyme which kill foreign substance and neutrophil
Hematocrit
The percentage of red blood cells in whole blood, normal ranges differ between male and female, detects anemia
Phagocytosis
The process by which certain cells engulf and dispose of microorganism: to eat or ingest
Hematology
The study of blood and blood forming tissues
Erythrocytes indices
Three measurements (mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, and mean cell concentration) that indicate the size of the red blood cell and how much hemoglobin the red blood cell holds
Clots
Vitamin K is important for what to form in blood?
Platelets
What cell aids in hemostasis?
16 milligrams per deciliter
What is the normal Hemoglobin range for males?
150,000-400,000
What is the normal range for Platelets?
4500-10,000 millimeters
What is the normal range for WBC's?
40%-50%
What is the normal range of Hematocrit for females and males?
Myocardial infraction
When arterial thrombosis affects an artery supplying blood to the heart this occurs.....
Lungs
Where do red blood cells deliver Carbon Dioxide?
Cells(tissue)
Where do red blood cells deliver Oxygen?
Band
Younger, less mature neutrophil
Low
Bleeding can be a result of a ___ platelet count?
Arterial thrombosis
Clot occurs in an artery
Venous thrombosis
Clot occurs in vein
