Chapter 43

In insects, which of the following is analogous to mammalian epithelial tissue, in that it serves as a first line of defense against infection?

A chitinous exoskeleton

Which of the following is a specific mechanism by which antibodies function in immunity?

All of the listed responses are correct

Which of the following is not a disease caused by actions of the immune system?

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following cell types carries out humoral immunity?

B cells

Someone infected by chicken pox as a child is unlikely to suffer from this disease a second time. This is due to immunological memory, a reservoir of what type of cells that were generated following the initial exposure?

Both T cells and B cells

Who is credited with performing the first documented immunization?

Edward Jenner

Which of the following classes of immunoglobins crosses the placenta and confers passive immunity to the fetus?

IgG

Which of the following is not a characteristic of innate immunity?

It is present only in vertebrates.

When searching for a donor for an organ transplant, doctors try to match the __________ of the donor and recipient as closely as possible.

MHC proteins

Which of the following cells are part of the innate, second line of defense?

Macrophages

Besides helper T cells, what are two other types of cells that HIV infects?

Macrophages and brain cells

Which of the following cells does not play a role in immunity through the phagocytosis of pathogens?

Natural killer cells

Which of the following functions of plasma-cell secreted antibodies promotes phagocytosis of foreign bacteria?

Opsonization

What role do major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules play in immunity?

Presenting antigens to T cells

Antibodies belong to which class of proteins?

Receptor

Why is the development and distribution of a new flu vaccine required every year?

The influenza virus undergoes frequent mutations and evolves rapidly.

In a series of immune system experiments, the thymus glands were removed from baby mice. Which of the following would you predict as a likely result?

The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.

Which statement describes what would most likely happen to microbes in the blood?

They are phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen.

Which of the following organisms would produce antibodies as part of an immune response?

Whale

Histamine is an important signaling molecule in the immune system that directly triggers __________.

blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

Lysozyme plays a role in immunity through _________.

breaking down bacterial cell walls

The proliferation of the B lymphocyte to which a specific antigen binds is referred to as ________

clonal selection

Our immune system does not usually attack our own healthy tissues because lymphocytes that target "self" tissue are __________

destroyed or rendered nonfunctional

Herpes simplex viruses, such as those that cause cold sores, can evade the immune system and persist in the body by __________.

infecting cells and then entering a largely inactive state

Anaphylactic shock is a life-threatening condition in which __________.

inflammatory chemicals released from mast cells lead to an inability to breathe and a lack of blood flow go to explanation

Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity

is conferred by antibodies produced by another individual

B lymphocytes __________.

multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph

Vaccination led to the eradication of the disease ________.

smallpox

The idea behind vaccination is to induce __________ without requiring the vaccinated individual to get sick.

the primary immune response

In humans, the first line of defense against infection is __________.

the skin and mucous membranes