Chapter 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

Under normal conditions, a pair of human kidneys processes what volume of blood each day?

1600

Which of the following has an effect on blood pressure that counters the effect of the hormone aldosterone?

Artial natriuretic peptide

Which of the following animals is paired with the correct excretory system unit?

Bird; kidney

What is the source of the filtrate produced in Bowman's capsule?

Blood in capillaries

An animal would lose water to its environment through osmosis under which set of conditions?

Body fluids of 400 mOsm/L in an environment of 1000 mOsm/L

What is the correct path of filtrate through a nephron of the kidney as it is processed into urine?

Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, descending limb of loop Henle, thin segment of ascending limb, thick segment of ascending limb, distal tubule, collecting duct

In which of the following portions of a nephron of the mammalian kidney does the filtrate have the highest osmolarity?

Descending limb of the loop of Henle in the inner medulla.

Which of the following would be most likely to increase for an amphibian moving from the aquatic habitat it occupies as a larva to the terrestrial habitat it occupies as an adult?

Energetic cost of excretion

Chloride cells in the gills of marine bony fishes play a role in which step of excretory system function?

Excretion

Which of the following have an excretory system that functions without a filtration step?

Insects

Which of the following would not normally pass into a nephron of the kidney as a component of the filtrate?

Lymphocytes

An albatross spending its life hovering over the ocean provides and extreme example of __________, the process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss.

Osmoregulation

What is the correct path of blood flow through vessels supplying a nephron?

Renal artery, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, glomerulus, peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, renal vein

Which of the following substances is generally filtered from the blood by the kidneys?

Sodium Urea Glucose Water are all filtered from the blood by the kidneys.

Which animal would most likely be an osmoconformer? Cane toad Seagull Sea trout Starfish (sea star) All of the above

Starfish ( sea star)

Which type of organism would have the least chance of long-term survival in the given environment? Euryhaline animals in fresh water Osmoconformers in seawater Stenohaline animals that move between fresh water and seawater Euryhaline animals in seawater Osmoregulators in seawater

Stenohaline animals that move between fresh water and seawater

Which type of organism would have the least chance of long-term survival in the given environment?

Stenohaline animals that move between fresh water and seawater.

Which is an accurate statement about the anatomy of the human excretory system?

The loop of Henle is located between the proximal tubule and the distal tubule.

Which of the following is a tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder in a mammal?

Ureter

Which of the following is not moved out of or into the filtrate of a nephron through active transport by epithelial cells?

Water

All of the following processes occur in the nephron of the kidney except _________.

blood cell formation

Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish would not include ___________.

drinking large amounts of water

As filtrate passes through the long loop of Henle, salt is removed and concentrated in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla. Because of this high salt concentration, the nephron is able to ___________.

establish a hyperosmotic interstitial medullary concentration

In a marine environment, animals that are isoosmotic relative to their environment ______________.

experience no net water loss by osmosis

A juxtamedullary nephron differs from a corical nephron in that a juxtamedullary nephron __________.

extends far into the inner medulla of the kidney

Many insects, birds, and other reptiles excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid, which ______________.

forms solids that are relatively insoluble and nontoxic

The bed of capillaries in a vertebrate kidney where water, urea, and salts are filtered out of the blood is the __________.

glomerulus

The loops of Henle in the kidneys of a desert kangaroo rat are much longer than those in a white laboratory rat because the ______________.

kangaroo rat is adapted to living in an environment where water is scares

Most of our nitrogen-containing waste products are a result of _______________.

protein metabolism

In our bodies, the primary nitrogen-containing compound excreted by our kidneys is _________.

urea

The most effective molecule for nitrogenous waste disposal in desert animals would be _________.

uric acid because it does not require water for excretion