Chapter 5-6 Exam 1

3rd stage of intramembranous ossification

calcification of extracellular matrix

What hormone is secreted to counteract hypercalcemia ?

calcitonin

example of a short bone

carpals

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

Osteoblasts

cell that builds and deposits bone

medullary cavity

central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone, houses bone marrow!

4 major types of cells in the epidermis

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells

Which bone feature is ONLY found in the lumbar vertebrae?

largest centrum, smallest vertebral foramen

Langerhans cells

macrophages that serve as antigen-presenting cells in the skin

Osteocytes

mature bone cells, cell that maintains living bone tissue

Bone(s) that form the hard palate

maxilla and palatine

Endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

shaft

same as diaphysis

Metaphsis

section of a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis

thick skin contains more________ than thin skin

sensory receptors

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

Integumentary system consists of

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands

lacuna

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

The sella turcica is part of the __________ bone.

sphenoid

cancellous bone

spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone

examples of a flat bone

sternum, rib

What effect does this calcitonin have on bone?

stimulates deposition

epidermis layers

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Osteon

structural unit of compact bone

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

lordosis

swayback, cervical and lumbar

What is the name of the gland that secretes calcitonin ?

thyroid gland

Merkel cells

touch receptors

Vertebrae bone feature that belongs to ALL vertebrae

transverse process, spinous process, articular facets, vertebral and intervertebral foramen

example of an irregular bone

vertebrae

Bone(s) that forms the nasal septum

vomer and ethmoid

epiphyseal line

(12)growth plate

central canal

(Haversian canal) through which blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves can travel to service and signal the cells throughout the compact bone.

order of endochondral ossification events

1) Development of cartilage model: mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts 2)Growth of cartilage model: cell division of chondrocytes 3)Development of primary ossification center: bone tissue replaced cartilage 4)Development of the medullary cavity: bone breakdown by osteoclasts 5)Development of secondary ossification centers: in the epiphyses of the bone 6) Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: hyaline cartilage

Jennifer hates dairy. She rarely consumes dairy products and avoids other dietary sources of calcium, such as green vegetables. She develops hypocalcemia, a condition where her blood calcium levels are far below the homeostatic/normal level. What physiological events will occur?

1- What hormone is secreted to counteract this condition? parathyroid hormone 2- What is the name of the gland that secretes this hormone? parathyroid gland 3- What effect does this hormone have on bone? stimulates deposition 4- What cells, thus, are activated? osteoblasts 5- What effect does this hormone have on the kidneys? decreases uptake of calcium 6- What effect do all of these events have on blood calcium levels? decreases calcium levels

thoracic bones

12

stratum corneum

25-30 rows, the most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells

Coccyx

3-5 fused

stratum granulosum

3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes, lamellar granules secret lipid rich water repellent, last layer of living cells

stratum lucidum

4-6 layers of dead keratinocytes in thick skin

lumbar bones

5

sacral bones

5 fused

Cervical bones

7

stratum spinosum

8-10 layers, keratin causes spiny appearance, little mitosis, melanocytes and macrophages

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

lamella

Concentric sheets of bone in osteons

What effect does calcitonin have on the kidneys?

Decreases uptake of calcium

Periosteum

Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone.

Periosteum

Double-layered connective tissue that protects and nourishes the bone.

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

Epiphysis

End of a long bone, articulate with other bones

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

papillary layer

If a needle pokes your skin and results in instant bleeding, which skin layer has the needle reached?

stratum basale

In which layer of the skin are melanocytes located

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

Located beneath the dermis; insulating layer. Areolar and adipose connective tissue. Not considered part of the skin. Contains blood vessels that supply skin

hypodermis

Which layer of the skin contains loose connective tissue and stores body fat?

made up of several cell layers, that contain thornlike projections

Which statement about stratum spinosum is correct?

Carotene

Yellow to orange pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis

Which bone features are found in the sacrum?

ala, articular facet, foramen, hiatus, canal

Karen was outside in the hot Miami weather. When she came into the Green Library, she felt a rush of cold air, developing shivers and goosebumps. What structure caused these goosebumps?

arrector pili muscle

Layers of the epidermis from the deepest to most superficial are:

basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum

endochondral ossification

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

osteoclasts function in

bone resorption

osteoprogenitor cells

bone stem cells

examples of a long bone

clavicle, femur

Dermis is made of

connective tissue

Endosteum

connective tissue layer covering the inside of the bone

Which bone feature is ONLY found in the thoracic vertebrae?

costal facets

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

Lamellate corpuscles

deep pressure and vibration receptors

Which bone feature is ONLY found in the cervical vertebrae?

dens, transverse foramen, smallest centrum, largest vertebral foramen

compact bone

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

2nd stage of intramembranous ossification

deposition of calcium and other mineral salts

2 major layers of the skin

epidermis and dermis

example of pneumatized bone

ethmoid

The crista galli is part of what bone?

ethmoid bone

4th stage of intramembranous ossification

extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae

6th stage of intramembranous ossification

formation of periosteum from peripheral mesenchyme

5th stage of intramembranous ossification

formation of spongy bone

metaphysis

growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone

thick skin does not contain

hair

Cortical bone

hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; has osteons

kyphosis

hunchback, thoracic and sacral region

skin + subcutaneous =

integument

intramembranous ossification

is the process of bone development from fibrous membranes.

The hypoglossal canal is located on the

occipital lobe

1st stage of intramembranous ossification

organic extracellular matrix is secreted by osteoblasts

example of a flat and irregular bone

os coxa

osteoprogenitor cells become

osteoblasts

osteoblasts transform into

osteocytes

The two layers of the dermis are the

papillary and reticular

example of a sesamoid bone

patella

Keratinocytes

produce keratin

Melanocytes

produce melanin

Epiphyseal line

remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones (cartilage to bone)

Lamellae

rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae

example of a short and irregular bone

tarsals

The zygomatic process is located on the

temporal bone

bone that contains the mandibular fossa

temporal bone

stratum basale

the deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of stem cells capable of undergoing cell division to form new cells

Trabecular bone

the less dense, more open structure bone found in the inner layer of bones, organized into trabeculae

Thermoregulation

the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently (sweating, blood flow).

epidermal ridges are more defined in

thick skin

lucidum is only found in

thick skin (palm and sole of foot)