Chapter 5-6 Exam 1
3rd stage of intramembranous ossification
calcification of extracellular matrix
What hormone is secreted to counteract hypercalcemia ?
calcitonin
example of a short bone
carpals
medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
Osteoblasts
cell that builds and deposits bone
medullary cavity
central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone, houses bone marrow!
4 major types of cells in the epidermis
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells
Which bone feature is ONLY found in the lumbar vertebrae?
largest centrum, smallest vertebral foramen
Langerhans cells
macrophages that serve as antigen-presenting cells in the skin
Osteocytes
mature bone cells, cell that maintains living bone tissue
Bone(s) that form the hard palate
maxilla and palatine
Endosteum
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
shaft
same as diaphysis
Metaphsis
section of a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis
thick skin contains more________ than thin skin
sensory receptors
Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
Integumentary system consists of
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands
lacuna
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
The sella turcica is part of the __________ bone.
sphenoid
cancellous bone
spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
examples of a flat bone
sternum, rib
What effect does this calcitonin have on bone?
stimulates deposition
epidermis layers
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Osteon
structural unit of compact bone
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone
lordosis
swayback, cervical and lumbar
What is the name of the gland that secretes calcitonin ?
thyroid gland
Merkel cells
touch receptors
Vertebrae bone feature that belongs to ALL vertebrae
transverse process, spinous process, articular facets, vertebral and intervertebral foramen
example of an irregular bone
vertebrae
Bone(s) that forms the nasal septum
vomer and ethmoid
epiphyseal line
(12)growth plate
central canal
(Haversian canal) through which blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves can travel to service and signal the cells throughout the compact bone.
order of endochondral ossification events
1) Development of cartilage model: mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts 2)Growth of cartilage model: cell division of chondrocytes 3)Development of primary ossification center: bone tissue replaced cartilage 4)Development of the medullary cavity: bone breakdown by osteoclasts 5)Development of secondary ossification centers: in the epiphyses of the bone 6) Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: hyaline cartilage
Jennifer hates dairy. She rarely consumes dairy products and avoids other dietary sources of calcium, such as green vegetables. She develops hypocalcemia, a condition where her blood calcium levels are far below the homeostatic/normal level. What physiological events will occur?
1- What hormone is secreted to counteract this condition? parathyroid hormone 2- What is the name of the gland that secretes this hormone? parathyroid gland 3- What effect does this hormone have on bone? stimulates deposition 4- What cells, thus, are activated? osteoblasts 5- What effect does this hormone have on the kidneys? decreases uptake of calcium 6- What effect do all of these events have on blood calcium levels? decreases calcium levels
thoracic bones
12
stratum corneum
25-30 rows, the most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells
Coccyx
3-5 fused
stratum granulosum
3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes, lamellar granules secret lipid rich water repellent, last layer of living cells
stratum lucidum
4-6 layers of dead keratinocytes in thick skin
lumbar bones
5
sacral bones
5 fused
Cervical bones
7
stratum spinosum
8-10 layers, keratin causes spiny appearance, little mitosis, melanocytes and macrophages
Hemoglobin
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
lamella
Concentric sheets of bone in osteons
What effect does calcitonin have on the kidneys?
Decreases uptake of calcium
Periosteum
Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone.
Periosteum
Double-layered connective tissue that protects and nourishes the bone.
Epiphysis
End of a long bone
Epiphysis
End of a long bone, articulate with other bones
compact bone
Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone
papillary layer
If a needle pokes your skin and results in instant bleeding, which skin layer has the needle reached?
stratum basale
In which layer of the skin are melanocytes located
spongy bone
Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.
subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
Located beneath the dermis; insulating layer. Areolar and adipose connective tissue. Not considered part of the skin. Contains blood vessels that supply skin
hypodermis
Which layer of the skin contains loose connective tissue and stores body fat?
made up of several cell layers, that contain thornlike projections
Which statement about stratum spinosum is correct?
Carotene
Yellow to orange pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis
Which bone features are found in the sacrum?
ala, articular facet, foramen, hiatus, canal
Karen was outside in the hot Miami weather. When she came into the Green Library, she felt a rush of cold air, developing shivers and goosebumps. What structure caused these goosebumps?
arrector pili muscle
Layers of the epidermis from the deepest to most superficial are:
basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
endochondral ossification
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
osteoclasts function in
bone resorption
osteoprogenitor cells
bone stem cells
examples of a long bone
clavicle, femur
Dermis is made of
connective tissue
Endosteum
connective tissue layer covering the inside of the bone
Which bone feature is ONLY found in the thoracic vertebrae?
costal facets
articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
Lamellate corpuscles
deep pressure and vibration receptors
Which bone feature is ONLY found in the cervical vertebrae?
dens, transverse foramen, smallest centrum, largest vertebral foramen
compact bone
dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
2nd stage of intramembranous ossification
deposition of calcium and other mineral salts
2 major layers of the skin
epidermis and dermis
example of pneumatized bone
ethmoid
The crista galli is part of what bone?
ethmoid bone
4th stage of intramembranous ossification
extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae
6th stage of intramembranous ossification
formation of periosteum from peripheral mesenchyme
5th stage of intramembranous ossification
formation of spongy bone
metaphysis
growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone
thick skin does not contain
hair
Cortical bone
hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; has osteons
kyphosis
hunchback, thoracic and sacral region
skin + subcutaneous =
integument
intramembranous ossification
is the process of bone development from fibrous membranes.
The hypoglossal canal is located on the
occipital lobe
1st stage of intramembranous ossification
organic extracellular matrix is secreted by osteoblasts
example of a flat and irregular bone
os coxa
osteoprogenitor cells become
osteoblasts
osteoblasts transform into
osteocytes
The two layers of the dermis are the
papillary and reticular
example of a sesamoid bone
patella
Keratinocytes
produce keratin
Melanocytes
produce melanin
Epiphyseal line
remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones (cartilage to bone)
Lamellae
rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae
example of a short and irregular bone
tarsals
The zygomatic process is located on the
temporal bone
bone that contains the mandibular fossa
temporal bone
stratum basale
the deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of stem cells capable of undergoing cell division to form new cells
Trabecular bone
the less dense, more open structure bone found in the inner layer of bones, organized into trabeculae
Thermoregulation
the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently (sweating, blood flow).
epidermal ridges are more defined in
thick skin
lucidum is only found in
thick skin (palm and sole of foot)
