psych nut week 4

Julia is puzzled over a fill-in-the-blank question in her sociology test paper. Julia must make use of her ________ memory to recollect the correct answer. Select one: explicit implicit procedural subconscious

a explicit

In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative punishment? Select one: Carly yells at her husband when he comes home drunk. Astrid tells her daughter that she is grounded for misbehaving and cannot meet her friends for a week. Joanie takes several medicines when she has a headache. Jim, a football coach, makes his students run extra laps when they are unruly during training sessions.

b Astrid tells her daughter that she is grounded for misbehaving and cannot meet her friends for a week.

The inspiration for a whole generation of psychologists studying operant conditioning was ________, one of the 20th century's most influential psychologists. Select one: John B. Watson B. F. Skinner Sigmund Freud Ivan Pavlov

b B.F Skinner

Which of the following is true of heuristics? Select one: Heuristics decrease the likelihood of success in finding a solution. Heuristics can be used in instances where algorithms are not available. Heuristics never lead to errors. Heuristics guarantee solutions to problems if used appropriately.

b Heuristics can be used in instances where algorithms are not available.

In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is true about punishment for an undesirable behavior? Select one: It conveys information about what an alternative, appropriate behavior might be. It is ineffective if it is delivered immediately after the undesirable behavior. It is a more appropriate technique for modifying behavior than is reinforcing desired behavior. It is ineffective if an individual is able to leave the setting in which the punishment is being given. Clear my choice

b It is ineffective if it is delivered immediately after the undesirable behavior.

Cory knows that the capital of Vermont is Montpelier. This is an example of ________ memory. Select one: episodic procedural sensory semantic

d semantic

Which of the following best encapsulates autobiographical memory? Select one: Autobiographical memory is just as inaccurate as other types of memory. Certain details of one's life are recalled more easily than other details. Autobiographical memory is just as accurate as other types of memory. The different periods of one's life are remembered with equal ease. Autobiographical memory is more accurate than other types of memory. Episodes from one's own life are recalled more easily than those from others' lives. Autobiographical memory is different from other types of memory. Our memory of certain events in our lives differs from others' memories of the same events.

a Autobiographical memory is just as inaccurate

In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is true about a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement? Select one: In a variable-ratio schedule, the number of responses usually hovers around a specific average. In a variable-ratio schedule, the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed. In a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses. In a variable-ratio schedule, the focus is on the amount of time that has elapsed since one was rewarded.

a In a variable-ratio schedule, the number of responses usually hovers around a specific average.

Which of the following statements best describes the forgetting function that Ebbinghaus discovered? Select one: Information is forgotten relatively rapidly at first, and then the rate of forgetting slows down. Information is forgotten at a relatively slow rate at first, and then the rate of forgetting speeds up. Information stored in the long-term memory is never really forgotten. Information is forgotten at a relatively constant rate once it has been learned.

a Information is forgotten relatively rapidly at first, and then the rate of forgetting slows down.

In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following is true about stimulus generalization? Select one: Its likelihood is directly proportional to the similarity between two stimuli. It occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. It occurs when one of two stimuli evokes a conditioned response but the other does not. It is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

a Its likelihood is directly proportional to the similarity between two stimuli.

Tina is 6 months old, Vincenzo is 2 years and 7 months old, and Wayne is 3 years and 6 months old. Which of the following correctly pairs each child with the appropriate language acquisition stage or phenomenon? Select one: Tina—babbling; Vincenzo—telegraphic speech; Wayne—overgeneralization Tina—telegraphic speech; Vincenzo—babbling; Wayne—overgeneralization Tina—babbling; Vincenzo—overgeneralization; Wayne—telegraphic speech Tina—overgeneralization; Vincenzo—babbling; Wayne—telegraphic speech

a Tina—babbling; Vincenzo—telegraphic speech; Wayne—overgeneralization

A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is termed a Select one: algorithm. heuristic. syllogism. premise.

a algorithm

Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket. They are trying to decide which of two differently sized cans will be the better buy. Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each can contains. Monica suggests that the larger size is usually the better buy. Lori is using a ________, whereas Monica is using a ________. Select one: algorithm; heuristic heuristic; prototype prototype; algorithm heuristic; algorithm

a algorithm, heuristic

________ is defined as a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. Select one: Behavior modification Inductive reasoning Spontaneous recovery Identity diffusion

a behavior modification

Classical conditioning applies mostly to an organism's Select one: biological responses. forced behavior. voluntary responses. voluntary behavior.

a biological responses

When a person plays tic-tac-toe using certain mental shortcuts, her or she uses a thinking strategy called Select one: chunking. a mental set. an algorithm. a heuristic.

a chunking

________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. Select one: Classical conditioning Instrumental conditioning Operant conditioning Observational learning

a classical conditioning

In the context of the schedules of reinforcement, a vending machine offers ________ reinforcement, whereas a slot machine offers ________ reinforcement. Select one: continuous; intermittent secondary; primary partial; intermittent variable; fixed Clear my choice

a continuous, intermittent

Recall of one's experience of a bike accident that happened years ago is based on Select one: episodic memory. semantic memory. explicit memory. procedural memory.

a episodic memory

A supermarket offers its customers a deal wherein they can earn 20 percent cash back every 10th time they make a purchase. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following types of schedules of reinforcement is best illustrated in this scenario? Select one: a fixed-ratio schedule a variable-ratio schedule a fixed-interval schedule a variable-interval schedule

a fixed ratio schedule

A variable-interval schedule is a schedule Select one: in which the time between reinforcements fluctuates around some average rather than being fixed. in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made. in which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number. that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed.

a in which the time between reinforcements fluctuates around some average rather than being fixed

Which of the following is true of functional fixedness? Select one: It is the tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use. It is a problem-solving technique that involves innovative thinking. It involves an algorithm that guarantees a solution to a problem. It involves repeated tests for differences between the desired outcome and the current state.

a it is the tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use

Which of the following best exemplifies declarative memory? Select one: memory for factual information memory for how to do things memory for habits memory for skills

a memory for factual info

A ________ reinforcer refers to an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future. Select one: negative unconditioned secondary neutral Clear my choice

a negative

In the process of operant conditioning, an organism primarily Select one: operates on its environment to produce a desirable result. gives unconditioned responses to stimuli. gives involuntary, natural responses to stimuli. reacts to a stimulus in an unthinking, automatic manner.

a operates on its environment to produce a desirable result.

In the context of operant conditioning, ________ weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus. Select one: positive punishment extinction negative reinforcement habituation

a positive reinforcement

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of the three broad phases of the problem-solving process from first to last? Select one: preparation → production → judgment judgment → production → preparation preparation → judgment → production judgment → preparation → production

a prep, prod , judgement

Caroline is playing in the snow in her yard. Her father calls out to her to come inside the house as it is getting late. Caroline ignores her father because she does not want to go inside. After a while, she starts feeling cold and goes inside the house to keep herself warm. In this scenario, in the context of operant conditioning, the feeling of warmth is most likely a Select one: primary reinforcer. conditioned stimulus. secondary reinforcer. neutral stimulus.

a primary reinforcer

In ________ interference, information learned earlier disrupts the recall of information learned more recently; in ________ interference, recently learned information disrupts the recall of information learned earlier. Select one: proactive; retroactive progressive; regressive retroactive; proactive regressive; progressive

a proactive , retroactive

Almost everybody has had the feeling of knowing the answer to a question but not being quite able to say it. This is called the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon and is a failure to Select one: retrieve information. store information. consolidate information. retain information. Clear my choice

a retreive information

One of the reasons Carlos continues to work at his job is the paycheck that he receives every two weeks. In the context of operant conditioning, Carlos's paycheck is most likely a Select one: secondary reinforcer. primary reinforcer. unconditioned stimulus. unconditioned response.

a secondary reinforcer

Tommy is repeating a series of digits in the order in which he heard an experimenter read them out. The experimenter is testing the capacity of Tommy's ________ memory. Tommy should be able to repeat about ________ digits correctly. Select one: short-term; seven sensory; four sensory; seven short-term; four Clear my choice

a short term seven

In the context of classical conditioning, ________ is a process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response. Select one: stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination extinction habituation

a stimulus generalization

The language development theory suggesting that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning is known as the ________ approach. Select one: nativist prescriptive learning-theory interactionist

c learning theory

Mickey is about to take his psychology finals. Minutes before the exam, the person sitting next to him asks Mickey the name of the physiologist who worked on classical conditioning. Mickey suddenly realizes that he can't quite remember the name, but he knows that it starts with a "P" and is two syllables long. Mickey is experiencing Select one: the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. retroactive interference. the cell memory phenomenon. proactive interference.

a the tip of the toungue phenomenon

Which of the following statements is true about observational learning? Select one: It primarily refers to learning a new behavior but not demonstrating until some incentive is provided for displaying it. Models who are rewarded for a behavior are more apt to be mimicked than are models who receive punishment. It mainly occurs as a result of prior reinforcement, as proposed by strict operant conditioning theorists. Observing the punishment of a model necessarily stops observers from learning the model's behavior.

b Models who are rewarded for a behavior are more apt to be mimicked than are models who receive punishment.

The amount of information that can be held in short-term memory is Select one: about a dozen chunks. about seven chunks. unlimited. about two chunks.

b about seven chunks

________ is associated with the "Fearless Peer" experiment that demonstrated ________. Select one: Ivan Pavlov; classical conditioning Albert Bandura; observational learning B. F. Skinner; operant conditioning Edward Thorndike; latent learning

b albert bandura

Which of the following is an ill-defined problem? Select one: navigating to a museum in a nearby city composing a good concerto playing Scrabble finding out where several well-known authors were born

b composing a good concerto

Long-term memory is divided into Select one: episodic memory and factual memory. declarative memory and procedural memory. explicit memory and implicit memory. semantic memory and sensory memory.

b declarative memory and procedural memory

he levels-of-processing approach Select one: emphasizes procedural memory over declarative memory. emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed. suggests that the greater the intensity of initially processed information, the more likely we are to forget it. suggests that the longer the information is in the sensory memory, the deeper will be its memory traces.

b emphasis the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed

Kent and Kirsten are both trying to clear their consumer debts. Kent devises a strategy to clear her debts by first freezing her credit card, then paying the highest-interest debts, and then clearing all her bank loans. Kirsten simply pays her largest debt first as she feels this is the fastest way to clear her debt as soon as possible. Kent's plan reflects the problem-solving strategy of ________, while Kirsten's method illustrates the strategy of ________. Select one: forming subgoals; trial and error forming subgoals; means-end analysis means-end analysis; trial and error working backward; means-end analysis

b forming sub goals means end analysis

The view that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language is known as the ________ approach to language development. Select one: nativist interactionist learning-theory prescriptive

b interactionist

Classical conditioning is most successful when a neutral stimulus is presented Select one: long before an unconditioned stimulus occurs. just before an unconditioned stimulus occurs. immediately after an unconditioned stimulus occurs. at exactly the same time that an unconditioned stimulus occurs.

b just before an unconditioned stimulus occurs

The notion that language shapes and determines the way people in a particular culture perceive and understand the world is known as the ________ hypothesis. Select one: universal grammar linguistic-relativity nativity interaction

b linguistic relativity

The physical change that takes place in the brain when new material is learned is called Select one: proactive interference. a memory trace. neural transformation. proactive interference.

b memory trace

Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model, is known as ________ learning. Select one: latent observational tangential perceptual Clear my choice

b observational

You check the time on your phone. Your friend should be out of class by now. You call her. She should answer if she is out of class. In this example, your thought processes are best seen as exemplifying Select one: recalling. reasoning. creativity. memorizing.

b reasoning

Three-year-old Jane had learned the names of fruits from a picture book. She was taken to a grocery store and asked to identify apples and melons in the store. Which of the following memory tasks did Jane use to identify the fruits? Select one: rehearsal recognition recall consolidation

b recognition

In the context of operant conditioning, the process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called Select one: punishment. reinforcement. habituation. extinction.

b reinforcement

________ memory is memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts. Select one: Procedural Semantic Episodic Sensory

b semantic

Mrs. Martin teaches cursive writing to third-grade students. Initially, she reinforces even students' failed attempts to reproduce letters with words of encouragement. However, over time, she reinforces only well-formed letters. In this scenario, the process of progressively reinforcing better attempts at writing letters best exemplifies the concept of Select one: spontaneous recovery. shaping. extinction. classical conditioning.

b shaping

Albert Bandura's perspective on learning is referred to as a ________ approach to learning because of its reliance on observation of others. Select one: constructivist social cognitive objectivist process-oriented

b social cognitive

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is a schedule Select one: in which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number. that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low. in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made. in which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being constant.

b that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.

A prototype is Select one: the first example of a concept that one encounters. the most typical or highly representative example of a concept. the most unusual or distinctive example of a concept. the least representative example of a concept. Clear my choice

b the most typical or highly representative example of a concept

At a wedding, James runs into an old friend from school. James is unable to recall his friend's name despite knowing that his name begins with a "T." In this scenario, James is experiencing Select one: flashbulb memory. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. retroactive interference. the cell memory phenomenon. Clear my choice

b the tip of the toungue phenomenon

In general, ________ schedules of reinforcement yield responses at a high, steady rate. Select one: fixed-interval variable-ratio variable-interval fixed-ratio

b variable ratio

In the context of operant conditioning, a ________ is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again. Select one: transducer polarizer rejoinder reinforcer

d reinforcer

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process from first to last? Select one: extinction → acquisition → spontaneous recovery spontaneous recovery → acquisition → extinction acquisition → extinction → spontaneous recovery acquisition → spontaneous recovery → extinction

c acquisition → extinction → spontaneous recovery

Theorists taking an interactionist approach to language acquisition Select one: remain unconvinced by the idea of a language-acquisition device. reject both the learning theory and nativist approaches. agree that the brain is hardwired to acquire language. downplay the role of the environment in language acquisition.

c agree that the brain is hardwired to acquire language

Flashbulb memories Select one: bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled. are recalled unconsciously without any stimulation. are centered on a specific, important, or surprising event. develop inaccuracies over the years.

c are centered on a specific, important, or surprising event.

Clint is mentally rehearsing his golf swings. In the context of mental imagery, which of the following statements is the most accurate? Select one: Clint will underperform because of overthinking while taking a shot. Clint's golf swings are less likely to connect. Clint's golf swings will improve because of mental rehearsal. Clint's mental rehearsal does not alter the performance of his golf swing.

c clints golf swings will improve because of mental rehearsal

The ________ learning theory is an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning. Select one: constructivist behavioral cognitive transformative

c cognitive

Mental groupings of objects, events, or people that share common features are called Select one: prototypes. heuristics. concepts. algorithms.

c concepts

Tim loves pickles. The sight of a jar on a supermarket shelf makes his mouth water. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the sight of the jar is a Select one: neutral stimulus. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. conditioned response.

c conditioned stimulus

________ rehearsal occurs when information is considered and organized in some fashion. Select one: Primary Rote Elaborative Maintenance

c elaborative

People's memories of the moment in which they learned of events such as the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, Princess Diana's death, and the 1986 Challenger explosion are termed ________ memories. Select one: procedural nondeclarative flashbulb implicit

c flashbulb

A political science professor attempts to facilitate her students' completion of a term paper assignment by requiring to first submit a topic statement, then a list of references, then a draft of the introduction, and then finally the completed paper. The professor is encouraging her students to use the problem-solving strategy of Select one: means-ends analysis. functional fixedness. forming subgoals. trial and error.

c forming subgoals

Jim tosses a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor. His cat chases it excitedly, clutches it in its paws, and rolls around with it. Several tosses later, his cat yawns pointedly and settles for a nap. The change in his cat's behavior most likely illustrates Select one: adaptation maturation. habituation. conditioning.

c habituation

________ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus. Select one: Conservation Sensation Habituation Disinhibition

c habituation

Psychologists working from the cognitive learning perspective Select one: deny the importance of classical and operant conditioning in learning. suggest that people make responses merely because there is a link between a stimulus and a response. have developed approaches that focus on the unseen mental processes that occur during learning. have developed methods concentrating solely on reinforcements.

c have developed approaches that focus on the unseen mental processes that occur during learning.

In the context of operant conditioning, a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is a schedule Select one: that provides reinforcement for a response only if a specific time period has elapsed. that focuses on the amount of time that has elapsed since a person or animal was rewarded. in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made. in which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a specific number.

c in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.

According to the levels-of-processing theory, which of the following students is most likely to retrieve information successfully during tests? Select one: Giselle, who underlines the important content in the text Noel, who reads the content in his text loudly Irene, who pays close attention to what is taught in class Grant, who attempts to memorize his notes

c irene who pays close attention to what is taught in class

When people start taking lessons on driving a car, they may already know the basics of driving from previous experience as passengers. It is likely that they have already noticed aspects such as how the key is inserted into the ignition and the gas pedal is pressed to make the car move forward. This scenario best illustrates the concept of Select one: habituation. latent learning. classical conditioning. spontaneous recovery.

c latent learning

In the context of observational learning, the discovery of ________ that fire when a person observes another person carrying out a behavior suggests that the capacity to imitate others may be inborn. Select one: leukocytes endothelial cells mirror neurons triglycerides

c mirror neurons

Sheryl's parents tell her that she is grounded and not allowed to watch television for a week because she does not complete her homework on time. In the context of operant conditioning, this scenario most likely exemplifies Select one: negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement. negative punishment. positive punishment.

c negative punishment

Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiment was intended to demonstrate the concept of Select one: latent learning. shaping. observational learning. stimulus control training.

c observational learning

________ is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences. Select one: Classical conditioning Social learning Operant conditioning Latent learning

c operant conditioning

In the context of operant conditioning, the term "reward" is associated only with Select one: negative punishment. negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement. positive punishment. Clear my choice

c positive reinforcement

In the context of operant conditioning, reinforcers that satisfy one's biological needs are called ________ reinforcers. Select one: unconditioned positive primary reflexive

c primary

Knowing how to serve a badminton birdie is an example of ________ memory. Select one: declarative semantic procedural episodic

c procedural

Ralph is preparing a report on his academic field trip to a manufacturing plant. He is trying to remember each event of the trip in the order in which it occurred to prepare an accurate report in a presentable form. Which of the following memory tasks is Ralph using? Select one: rehearsal consolidation recall recognition

c recall

When answering such questions as "Who was your date to the junior prom?" or "Which costume did you wear last Halloween?" you are relying most explicitly on the memory process of Select one: potentiation. storage. retrieval. encoding. Clear my choice

c retrieval

Noah's mother gives him a dollar every Friday evening if he finishes his chores for the week without being reminded. He diligently finishes his chores every week, and he uses the money to buy candies over the weekend. In the given scenario, in the context of operant conditioning, the weekly allowance most likely is a Select one: unconditioned response. primary reinforcer. secondary reinforcer. unconditioned stimulus.

c secondary reinforcer

Which of the following is true of mental images? Select one: They refer to a step-by-step process of memory storage. They have only a few of the properties of the actual stimuli they represent. They are representations in the mind of an object or event. They refer to visual representations of brain activity.

c they are representations in the mind of an object or event

Which of the following options correctly identifies a stimulus or response in the "Little Albert" study conducted by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner? Select one: unconditioned response—rat conditioned stimulus—fear unconditioned stimulus—noise neutral stimulus—fear

c unconditioned stimulus noise

Which of the following statements contradicts Noam Chomsky's nativist approach to language development? Select one: The shapes of the human mouth and throat are tailored to the production of speech. The human brain is wired to facilitate the learning of languages. Language development in humans emerges as a function of maturation. Animals are able to learn the fundamentals of human language.

d Animals are able to learn the fundamentals of human language.

Drew is unable to recall whether Lincoln's head faces left or right on the penny. Which of the following is probably the best explanation for Drew's memory failure? Select one: The information is difficult to retrieve because it is stored along with so many other pieces of information in Drew's long-term memory. The information was immediately displaced from Drew's working memory after it was encoded. The information was learned so long ago that it is no longer stored in Drew's long-term memory. The information was not encoded, because Drew never really paid attention to Lincoln's head on the penny.

d The information was not encoded, because Drew never really paid attention to Lincoln's head on the penny.

In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies positive punishment? Select one: Stephen gets a speeding ticket. Rita takes medicines for her stomachache. Christopher's pay is cut because of a poor job evaluation. Amy grounds her son for misbehaving and does not let him watch television.

d amy grounds her son

Which of the following most likely makes use of heuristics? Select one: a computer program for keeping track of inventory at a department store a recipe for making cookies on the back of a box of cornflakes a chemical equation for the synthesis of sulfuric acid an article by a Nobel Prize winner titled "How to Succeed in Science"

d an article by a Nobel Prize winner titled "How to Succeed in Science"

Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs is said to be on a ________ reinforcement schedule. Select one: secondary intermittent positive continuous

d continuous

Typically, long pauses in responses are associated with ________ schedules of reinforcement. Select one: variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio fixed-interval

d fixed interval

Identify a true statement about the use of heuristics. Select one: Heuristics are guaranteed to result in a correct response. Heuristics result in only one possible solution to a problem. Heuristics do not lead to errors. Heuristics increase the chances of success in finding a solution.

d heuristics increase the chances of success in finding a solution

Memories of which we are not consciously aware of are called ________ memories. Select one: declarative explicit internal implicit

d implicit

The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information is known as Select one: rehearsal. perception. sensation. memory.

d memory

The theory suggesting that humans are genetically prewired to learn language at certain times and in particular ways is known as the ________ approach to language development. Select one: prescriptive interactionist learning-theory nativist

d nativist

A ________ stimulus is a stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest. Select one: reflexive normative unconditioned neutral

d neutral

In classical conditioning, how are a neutral stimulus and a conditioned stimulus related? Select one: They are not related; they are completely distinct stimuli. They are the same, and the terms are interchangeable. The conditioned stimulus becomes the neutral stimulus. The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulu

d neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus

When giving a lecture, Prof. Carlos notices several students nodding in agreement. Subsequently, his rhetoric becomes more confident and more passionate. In the context of operant conditioning, the students' nodding provides Prof. Carlos with Select one: negative reinforcement. a neutral stimulus. a conditioned stimulus. positive reinforcement.

d positive reinforcement

In the context of operant conditioning, a ________ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment that specifically brings about an increase in a preceding response. Select one: neutral primary unconditioned positive

d postive

Material in memory storage has to be located and brought into awareness to be useful. This process is known as Select one: potentiation. encoding. storage. retrieval.

d retrieval

According to the three-system memory theory, which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages of memory storage? Select one: working memory → short-term memory → long-term memory short-term memory → working memory → long-term memory short-term memory → sensory memory → long-term memory sensory memory → short-term memory → long-term memory

d sensory memory , short term memory , long term memory

In the context of classical conditioning, ________ occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not. Select one: habituation extinction stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination

d stimulus discrimination

Which of the following words best captures the meaning of the term "heuristic," as cognitive psychologists use it? Select one: program formula principle strategy

d strategy

It is difficult to retrieve information from long-term memory because Select one: the capacity of long-term memory is limited. the duration of long-term memories is limited. the new information that makes its way to long-term memory replaces existing memory. there is a lot of information being stored in long-term memory.

d there is a lot of info being stored in long term memory

A ________ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. Select one: normative neutral conditioned unconditioned

d unconditioned

Which of the following statements accurately captures the relationship among the modules of long-term memory? Select one: Declarative and semantic memory are both components of procedural memory. Episodic and semantic memory are both components of procedural memory. Declarative and semantic memory are both components of episodic memory. Episodic and semantic memory are both components of declarative memory.

depisodic and semantic memory are both components of declarative memory