chapter 5

What is the osmolarity of a 1 liter solution with 2 moles of sodium chloride dissolved in it? A 4 OsM B 2 OsM C 1 OsM D 3 OsM

a

Which of the following mechanisms of transport across the plasma membrane require energy in the form of ATP? Select all that apply. A simple diffusion B exocytosis C facilitated diffusion D sodium-potassium pump E phagocytosis

b,d,e

in transepithelial transport of glucose GLUT transporters are found in the___________ membrane.

basolateral

All active transport mechanisms only move one or two particles across the membrane at a time. t/f

false

All cell membranes are equally permeable to water t/f

false

All cells in the body are equally permeable to the same substances. t/f

false

Kidney tubules are used to absorb materials. t/f

false

Passive transport is only used to move materials into the cell. t/f

false

there is no way for ions to move across the membrane. t/f

false

If a cell is undergoing a lot of exocytosis you would expect the outer cell membrane to do which of the following? A remain the same size B decrease in size C it would depend on the circumstances D increase in size

a

The interior of the plasma membrane is more negatively-charged than the outside of the membrane. Knowing only this A Na+ ions will flow from the outside of the cell to the inside B Cl− ions will flow from the outside of the cell to the inside C H+ ions will flow from the inside of the cell to the outside D K+ ions will flow from the inside of the cell to the outside

a

Which of the following is the movement of materials into the cell, across the cell and out of the cell? A transepithelial transport B endocytosis C phagocytosis D exocytosis

a

Which of the following would have the LEAST degree of selectivity for substances passing through the membrane? A movement through the lipid bilayer B movement by way of carriers C movement through channels D movement by way of vesicles

a

You have a beaker in which there is a 0.85% sodium solution on one side of a semi-permeable membrane and a 3% sodium solution on the other side of a semi-permeable membrane. In this beaker, there is a/an A concentration gradient between the two sides B electrical gradient between the two sides C electrochemical gradient between the two sides D concentration gradient on one side only

a

You have a beaker in which there is a 0.85% sodium solution on Side A and a 3% sodium solution on Side B. The two sides are separated by a membrane that is permeable to both sodium and water. Which of the following is true of this beaker? Select all that apply. A There will be a net movement of sodium from Side B to Side A. B There will be a net movement of water from Side A to Side B. C Diffusion will proceed until equilibrium of both water and sodium is achieved. D There will be a net movement of water from Side B to Side A. E There will be a net movement of sodium from Side A to Side B.

a,b,c

Which of the following could considered to be an antiport system? Select all that apply. A sodium-potassium pump B sodium-calcium transporter C sodium-amino acid transporter D sodium-hydrogen transporter

a,b,d

You have a beaker in which two separate solutions are separated by a semi-permeable membrane. Side A contains a 0.85% sodium ion solution. Side B contains a 10% chloride ion solution. Which is the following is true of this beaker? Select all that apply. A There exists an electrical gradient between the two sides. B There exists an electrochemical gradient between the two sides. C There exists a concentration gradient on one side only. D There exists a concentration gradient between the two sides.

a,b,d

Which of the following is true about active transport? Select all that apply. A it does not have to follow the electrochemical gradient B it involves direct movement across the lipid bilayer C the cell expends energy D it involves movement through channels

a,c

Which of the following applies to the process of active transport? Select all that apply. A moves a substance against its concentration gradient B moves a substance down its concentration gradient C does not require energy D requires energy E requires a carrier protein F moves water down its concentration gradient

a,d,e

Antibodies cross the placenta into fetal circulation by way of which of the following? A ion channels B transcytosis C ion pumps D transepithelial transport

b

The electrochemical gradient takes into account A the electrical gradient only B both the concentration and electrical gradients C neither the concentration nor the electrical gradients D the concentration gradient only

b

Which of the following is NOT associated with endocytosis? A use of lysosomes B SNARE proteins C membrane receptors D expenditure of energy

b

Which of the following is an example of a transport process that uses kinetic energy? A import of extracellular fluid and the solutes already dissolved in it into the cytoplasm B movement of sodium from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm through an ion channel C export of insulin from the cell using a vesicle to cross the plasma membrane D propelling two sodium ions out of the cell and three potassium ions into the cell using a protein pump

b

Which of the following would pass most freely across the membrane? A water B steroids C urea D glucose

b

: Which of the following would increase the rate of diffusion across a membrane? Select all that apply. A increasing the diffusion distance B decreasing the mass of the particles diffusing C increasing the concentration gradient D decreasing the membrane surface area

b,c

Which of the following does NOT use receptor proteins in the process of moving particles into the cell? Select all that apply. A receptor-mediated endocytosis B exocytosis C pinocytosis D phagocytosis

b,c

Which of these are substances that freely pass through the membrane? Select all that apply. A ions B urea C steroids D carbon dioxide

b,c,d

All other factors being equal, which of the following molecules would likely diffuse the fastest in a plate of semi-solid agar? A glucose, which has a molecular mass of 3000 Da B insulin, which has a molecular mass of 5808 Da C NaCl, which has a molecular mass of 58 Da D KMnO4, which has a molecular mass of 158 Da

c

Given that the extracellular fluid usually has a higher concentration of sodium ions than the intracellular fluid, when sodium ions diffuse across the plasma membrane, they move A into and out of the cell at unpredictable rates B into and out of the cell at equal rates C into the cell faster than they move out of the cell D out of the cell faster than they move into the cell

c

Hyponatremia is a metabolic imbalance in which a person has an abnormally low level of sodium in the bloodstream. The condition causes cells to swell. Hyponatremia is treated with a 3% sodium solution. Compared to the normal tonicity of the bloodstream, this solution is A hypertonic and will allow water to enter the cells B hypotonic and will allow water to enter the cells C hypertonic and will draw water out of the cells D hypotonic and will draw water out of the cells

c

Sodium ions (Na+) move across the plasma membrane A in unpredictable directions B towards positively-charged areas C towards negatively-charged areas D both towards negatively-charged and positively-charged areas equally

c

The parietal cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid. Since the H+ concentration is normally low in cells, these ions must be imported via primary active transport. Which of the following must be true about these transporters? A They use the kinetic energy of another ion's diffusion to drive a protein pump. B They use the kinetic energy of another ion's diffusion to open an ion channel. C They use the energy of ATP breakdown to drive a protein pump. D They use the energy of ATP breakdown to open an ion channel.

c

Which of the following would be found on the apical membrane of an epithelial tissue used to absorb glucose? A tight junction B GLUT transporter C sodium-glucose symporter D sodium potassium pump

c

As phospholipids move around small openings are formed that water molecules can pass through. These openings can be blocked by the presence of _______________ molecules.

cholesterol

If the concentration and electrical gradients are going in the opposite directions with the electrical gradient having the lesser magnitude, the electrochemical gradient would follow the _______________ gradient.

concentration

Calcium ions are typically kept at very low internal concentrations in cardiac muscle cells; however, calcium is stored in specialized organelles so that it is available to trigger contraction on a regular basis. How must calcium be transported out of the cytoplasm and into these organelles? A facilitated diffusion B phagocytosis C passive diffusion D active transport

d

Certain cells in the thyroid gland import iodine in order to make thyroid hormone. The iodine concentration in these cells is approximately 10,000 times greater than the iodine concentration in the plasma surrounding these cells. Therefore, the process by which iodine enters these cells must be A simple diffusion B vesicular transport C facilitated diffusion D active transport

d

Secondary active transport processes are driven by the release of what type of energy? A electrical B potential C ATP D kinetic

d

the sodium-potassium pump moves A both sodium and potassium into the cell B sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell C both sodium and potassium out of the cell D sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

d

Both the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient combine to form the ________________ gradient; this determines the movement of ions and other substances across the plasma membrane.

electrochemical

Vesicles fuse with the membrane in

exocytosis

In sodium driven secondary active transport, sodium always __________ its concentration gradient.

follows

In facilitated diffusion a cell is said to have reached its transport maximum, or ___________ ___________when further increase of the concentration of the diffusing material does not increase the diffusion rate.

saturation point

The free movement of carbon dioxide across the membrane while sodium ions do not freely move across the membrane is/are examples of the membrane's ___________ permeability.

selective

Most secondary active transport mechanisms are indirectly driven by a primary active transport mechanism known as a/an _____________- ____________ pump .

sodium potassium

In transepithelial transport of glucose, the ____________ - ____________ pump is used to maintain the sodium gradient.

sodium-potassium

__________ is the form of vesicular transport used to move materials out of the cell.

Exocytosis

LDLs are absorbed by way of _______________ - ______________ endocytosis.

Receptor-mediated

Which of these are used in transepithelial transport of glucose? Select all that apply. A exocytosis B sodium potassium pump C sodium-glucose symport D GLUT transport

b,c,d

Given that the intracellular fluid usually has a higher concentration of potassium ion than the extracellular fluid, when potassium ions diffuse across the plasma membrane, they move A out of the cell faster than they move into the cell B into the cell faster than they move out of the cell C into and out of the cell at equal rates D into and out of the cell at unpredictable rates

a

What factors can increase the rate of diffusion across a permeable membrane? Select all that apply. A smaller mass of the molecule B larger mass of the molecule C greater diffusion distance D large membrane surface area E high temperatures F reduced membrane surface area

a.d.e

Which of the following would apply to a difference in the concentration of sodium ions from the inside to the outside of the membrane of a membrane? Select all that apply. A concentration gradient B electrical gradient C electrochemical gradient D membrane potential

all

Symporters couple A simple diffusion of one ion to the active transport of another ion or molecule B active transport of one ion to the active transport of another ion or molecule C facilitated diffusion of one ion to the active transport of another ion or molecule D endocytosis of one ion to the active transport of another ion or molecule

c

When a bacterium infects the human body, it can be recognized by specialized immune cells and internalized in a vesicle. This type of transport is known as A pinocytosis B facilitated diffusion C phagocytosis D primary active transport

c

The interior of the cell is negatively charged compared to the extracellular fluid. As a result of the electrical gradient between the two areas A there will be a net movement of chloride ions into the cell B there will be net movement of potassium ions outside of the cell C there will be a net movement of water into the cell D there will be a net movement of sodium ions into the cell

d

Which is a polar molecule that freely passes through the membrane? A carbon dioxide B sodium ions C glucose D urea

d

Which of the following is a passive transport mechanism used in transepithelial transport of glucose? A endocytosis B sodium-glucose symport C sodium potassium pump D GLUT transport

d

The source of energy for passive transport is ___________ energy.

kinetic

During phagocytosis, projections of the cytoplasm and membrane called _________________ are produced to engulf a particle.

pseudopods

Undigested materials in the phagosome remain in a vesicle known as a/an ____________ body.

residual

In epithelial tissues _________ _____________ retards the passage of materials between the cells.

tight junctions

Active transport can be used to establish a membrane potential. t/f

true

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a selective process. t/f

true

SNARE proteins would be used in transcytosis. t/f

true

The sodium-potassium pump is both a primary active transport mechanism and an antiport mechanism. t/f

true

Transcytosis only uses active transport. t/f

true

Transepithelial transport uses both active and passive transport. t/f

true