Chapter 5 - Biological Principles 1010

Nucleic Acids

A linear sequence of nucleotides.

Saturated Fatty Acid

All carbons linked by single bonds, straight linear structure.

Fats

Also known as triglycerides or triacylglycerols, formed by bonding glycerol to 3 fatty acids.

The components of nucleic acids are __________.

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate.

The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________.

glycosidic linkages.

The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________.

hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet.

One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________.

they are all disaccharides.

Macromolecules, the molecules of life, include all of the following except ________

trace elements.

In a dehydration synthesis reaction, __________ is always formed as a by-product of the reaction.

water.

Proteins

A functional unit composed of one or more polypeptides. Play a key role in cell structure and carry out a diverse array of cellular functions.

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks.

Primary Structure

A protein's unique sequence of amino acids. Determined by inherited genetic information, a sequence of amino acids.

Hydrolysis

A reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction.

Glycogen

A storage polysaccharide in animals.

Starch

A storage polysaccharide of plant consists of glucose monomers.

Proteins

Accounts for 50% of the dry mass of most cells.

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy, includes sugars and polymers of sugars. General formula is Cn(H2O)n

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins. A common structure with variable sidechains that determines structure and function.

Which of the following is a polymer?

Cellulose, a plant cell wall component.

The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.

Covalent.

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________.

DNA.

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Decodes DNA into instructions for linking together a specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.

Phospholipids

Formed from glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Steroids

Four interconnected rings of carbon atoms, insoluble in water.

Which is the term for compounds that do not mix with water?

Hydrophobic.

Macromolecules

Large polymers.

The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?

Lipids.

Nucleotides

Monomers are known as this, made up of phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms known as a base.

Fatty Acid Tail

Nonpolar / hydrophobic

Lipids

Nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. Key part of cell membranes and functions as hormones and energy storage.

Dehydration Reaction

Occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.

Phosphate Head

Polar / Hydrophilic

Monosaccharides

Simplest sugars, serve as a major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Stores genetic information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide monomers.

Monomers

The repeating units taht serve as building blocks.

The peptide bond is __________.

a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide.

Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that is caused by __________ in the __________ of the protein.

a single amino acid change; primary structure.

Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________.

amino acid molecules.

Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water.

carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH).

The proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assisted by _________.

molecules called chaperonins.

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.

phospholipids.

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.

primary.

When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature.

cis double bonds; liquids.

Polypeptide Formation

Amino acids joined by dehydration reaction. Broken down by hydrolysis.

Sickle Cell Disease

An inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin.

Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form?

Chaperonins.

Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.

Nitrogenous bases are classified as either purines or pyrimidines. Examples of purines are __________.

adenine and guanine.

The molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones is __________.

cholesterol.

Disaccharides

Composed of two monosaccharides, joined by dehydration or condensation reaction.

Secondary Structure

Consists of coils and folds in polypeptide chain. Chemical and physical interactions cause protein folding.

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

Contain one C=C bond, double bond adds a kink.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Contains 2 or more C=C bonds.

Quaternary Structure

Results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains.

__________ is always involved in hydrolysis reactions.

Water.

Sugars are molecules that have __________ C:H:O and are called __________.

a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates.

At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________.

chitin.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Contains one or more double bonds, tends to be liquid at room temp.

The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except _________ bonds.

peptide.

Tertiary Structure

Determined by interactions among various side chains. Folding gives protein complex 3D shape, this is the final level of structure for a single polypeptide chain.

Polysaccharides

Many monosaccharides linked in long polymers.

In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) __________.

double helix; running antiparallel.

Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________.

energy storage and release.

A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.

glycogen.