CHAPTER 5: Equal Rights: Struggling toward Fairness

How many Asian Americans currently serve in Congress?

12

Which amendment passed at the end of the war granted African American men the right to vote?

15th Amendment

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

19th Amendment

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

40; 10

In determining that it was unconstitutional to reserve 10 percent of federally funded construction projects for minority-owned firms (Adarand v. Peña), the Supreme Court used what part of the test it applies to affirmative action cases?

"Narrowly Tailored"

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

A state requires separate public bathrooms for black and white people Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections

Which of the following actions first made Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a national symbol for the civil rights movement and earned him national media attention?

A year-long bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale?

Abolitionist Movement

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent

In the case of Shelby v. Holder, the majority held that the formula for identifying states and counties subject to federal oversight was

Based on obsolete statistics

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

Been foundational in legal decisions Given moral strength to diverse movements Inspired a hope for eventual equality

The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools.

Bilingual

Which of the following tactics were used by Martin Luther King Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?

Boycotts Marches in nonviolent protest

Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

Equal access to the opportunities society provides Equal access to public facilities The right of every person to equal protection under the law

Although many Americans believe that the concept of ______ includes such things as access to jobs and health care, others argue that it means only that people are all treated the same under the law.

Equality

In order to ensure equal employment opportunity for all, the federal government in the 1960s began to require agencies and businesses to

Establish policies aimed at giving minority-group members equal opportunities to obtain jobs

What accounts for the fact that Hispanics are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be predicted based on their education and income levels?

Family Structure

When white settlers first arrived in what is now the U.S., there were approximately 5 to 10 million Native American inhabitants. By 1900, there were

Fewer than 1 million

In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality _______________ classifications even though such classification need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.

Gender, sex, or gender-based

Who was the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party?

Geraldine Ferraro

What sociologist authored the book An American Dilemma?

Gunnar Myrdal

Hispanics in the U.S. are generally concentrated

In their states of entry

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Indian Civil Rights Act

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 entail?

It allowed federal intervention in voter registration in states with a history of discriminating against black voters It banned discriminatory voter registration practices

Since the 1950s, how has the federal government responded to demands for equal rights for African Americans?

It passed a series of laws that secured fundamental rights for African Americans

What portion of congressional seats are held by women?

Less than a quarter

Which of the following accurately describes women and poverty?

Many poor working women find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses Single-parent women who work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty Most single-parent families are headed by women and one-third of those live below the poverty line

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 classified which of the following as legally protected groups?

Minorities Women

How many Hispanics currently serve in the U.S. House of Representatives?

More than 30

Which of the following statements about African American children in the United States is true?

More than half grow up in a single-parent family

Which of the following statements about affirmative action are true?

Most Americans oppose programs that give preferential treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically Most Americans support programs to give equal treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically

In a 1930s Supreme Court case that challenged the application of the separate-but-equal doctrine, the Court ruled that blacks ______ be allowed to use public facilities reserved for whites in those cases where they didn't have separate facilities.

Must

Which of the following Native American tribes have a majority who speak native languages at home?

Navajo Pueblo

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?

People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such things as race, color, and religion

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

Reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large black populations.

Redlining

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Which of the following best exemplifies the profound impact of the civil rights movement?

Removing discrimination in voting requirements

What president appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court?

Ronald Reagan

Following the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, a number of southern congressmen wrote a letter titled the ______, urging state governments to "resist forced integration by any lawful means."

Southern Manifesto

Which of the following is an ongoing struggle between state governments and Native American tribal governments?

States want to control casino gambling on Native American reservations.

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

Strict-Scrutiny

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

The average pay for women workers is only 80 percent of the amount earned by male workers Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men

Concerning age discrimination in employment, the courts have given employers the right to force individuals to retire based on

The performance of a particular employee The nature of the job.

Which is an accurate representation of the Hispanic population in the United States?

Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands

True or false: Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, many restaurants, hotels, and other establishments still refused to serve black customers.

True

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?

Whites-only primaries Literacy tests Poll Taxes

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage?

Younger Adults

Affirmative action policies have been used by ______ to expand opportunities for women and minority group members.

Educational institutions Employers

What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School?

He federalized the Arkansas National Guard

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County

In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of interest?

Compelling

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to

Have a high median income Be college educated

Which influential figure began civil rights work by organizing strikes by farmworkers to attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

Cesar Chavez

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma?

Discrimination

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

The preclearance provision of the Voting Rights Act states that designated states and counties must

Obtain federal permission before making changes that might adversely affect a minority group

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court declared that "_____________" but equal facilities do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

Separate

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely black.

95%

The largest recent Hispanic demonstrations in the U.S. have been in reaction to

A bill passed by the House that would have led to the arrest and deportation of millions of undocumented immigrants

The type of discrimination in which traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice despite legal protections is

De facto discrimination

Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

Discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods Discriminatory practices in housing Discriminatory practices in mortgage lending

What took the heaviest toll on the Native American population after white settlers arrived in what is now the U.S.?

Disease

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however,

Groups more often fight for civil rights