Chapter 5 Psychology: States of Consciousness
The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every
90 minutes
which of the following is true of alcohol
In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant.
how is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?
In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.
The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage?
NREM-1 sleep
Although repeated use of amphetamines has caused Aaron legal problems, which threaten his job, he continues to use the drugs. Aaron most clearly shows signs of
addiction
Compulsive craving for and use of a drug is an indication of
addiction
why is it dangerous to combine alcohol with a sleeping pill
alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined action reduces nervous system activity and can lead to death
Francois was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using?
amphetamines
Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?
barbiturates
When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by
blocking the reuptake of dopamine
the divided consciousness theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis involves
dissociation
After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to
have very relaxed muscles
hypnosis involves a state of
heightened openness to suggestion
Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Larisa's breathing slowed, her pupils constricted, and her feelings of anxiety were replaced by blissful pleasure. Larisa most likely experienced the effects of
heroin
The occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that
humans, like most other mammals, need REM sleep
Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.
increase; decrease
An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of
lsd
chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote
obesity
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because
our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
sleep apnea is a disorder involving
the cessation of breathing during sleep
the discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called
withdrawl
which of the following is true melatonin?
It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream.
After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing
REM sleep
Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience
REM sleep
Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through
REM sleep
Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with
REM sleep
at 3 o clock in the morning, john has already slept for 4 hours. as long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of
REM sleep
Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.
REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep
which of the following is true of night terrors
They typically occur during NREM-3 sleep
daniel kahneman and his colleagues found that the daily moods of working women were most heavily influenced by
a good night's sleep
circadian rhythm refers to
a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle
Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?
activation-synthesis theory
As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience
an increase in REM sleep
LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as a(n)
antagonists
which of the following is a common symptom of nicotine withdrawl
anxiety
sleeptalking may occur during
any stage of sleep
People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory
which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?
as sleep progresses, NREM-3 sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases
Sodium pentothal has sometimes been called a "truth serum" because it relaxes people and enables them to more freely disclose personally embarrassing experiences. It is most likely that sodium pentothal is a(n)
barbiturate
Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, are
barbiturates
which of the following is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance
caffeine
which of the following psychoactive drugs is the most likely to worsen people's ability to sleep
caffeine
After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal
circadian rhythm
After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal:
circadian rhythm
Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the
circadian rhythm
Our inability to fall asleep early as we had planned is most likely a reflection of
circadian rhythm
With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the
circadian rhythm
A brief 15- to 30-minute rush of euphoria followed by a crash of agitated depression is most closely associated with the use of:
cocaine
Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of
cocaine
Prior to age 9, children's dreams seem more like a slide show and less like an active story in which the dreamer is an actor. This best illustrates that the content of dreams reflects children's
cognitive development
alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long term memory by
decreasing REM sleep
one of the deadly effects of ecstasy is
dehydration
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called
delta waves
alcohol is considered a
depressant
Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called
depressants
sleep deprivation has been shown to
diminish immunity to disease
research indicates that alcohol
disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories
Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is
dreaming
The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of
ecstasy
the greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to
feel powerless to overcome the addiction
The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by
fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day
Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night, while others need 9 hours or more. Such differences in individual sleep patterns suggests that
genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get
Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called
hallucination
lsd is most likely to produce
hallucinations
Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that
individuals who are given morphine for pain relief seldom develop the irresistible cravings of an addict
research indicates that the percentage of total sleep spent in REM sleep is higher in _________ than in ___________
infants; adults
Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from
insomnia
researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a night's sleep than after several hours awake. this finding suggests that sleep
is involved in the memory process
according to freud, the latent content of a dream refers to
its underlying but censored meaning
Jason has been smoking marijuana. Which of the following best describes the effects of this psychoactive drug on Jason's behavior?
jason will become relaxed and experience mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss
Josef, a high school student, tells his therapist that he has had a recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a ferocious tiger. The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josef's unresolved feelings of hostility toward his father. According to Freud, the therapist is revealing the possible ________ content of Josef's dream.
latent
according to freud, the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its
latent content
the emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ___________ during REM sleep
limbic system
after ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, kampreet experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. kampreet most likely experienced the effects of
lsd
which of the following is a psychedelic drug
lsd
Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________ content.
manifest
Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that
many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help
Regular users of ________ may achieve a high with smaller amounts of the drug than occasional users.
marijuana
THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.
marijuana; hallucinogen
when light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter __________ production by the pineal gland
melatonin
When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria.
methamphetamine
the british government classifies the highly addictive crystallized form of __________ as one of the most dangerous of drugs
methamphetamine
The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by the fact that
most mammals experience REM rebound
the lack of the neurotransmitter orexin has been linked to which of the following
narcolepsy
which of the following sleep disorders would have the most negative impact for a commercial bus driver
narcolepsy
the change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called
neuroadaptation
By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.
nicotine
which of the following drugs is classified as stimulant
nicotine
About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from
night terrors
morphine and heroin are
opiates
consciousness is
our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment
which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns
people in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer
the activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why
people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep
If Marty doesn't drink caffeinated sodas daily, he experiences severe headaches. Marty is most clearly showing signs of
physical dependence
physical pain and intense cravings indicate
physical dependence
unpleasant withdrawl symptoms are indicative of
physical dependence
some researchers suggest that the brain activity associated with REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation. this finding supports which of the following dream theories
physiological
Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.
psychoactive
alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called
psychoactive drugs
Although Max never experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms, he feels that he needs coffee every morning as part of his daily routine. Max best illustrates
psychological dependence
drug tolerance refers to the
reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular usage.
which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia
relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime
alpha waves are associated with
relaxed but awake state
A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces
sensitivity to pain
Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from
sleep apnea
Obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders?
sleep apnea
Research on sleep patterns indicates that
sleep patterns may be genetically influenced
The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occurred during NREM-2 sleep are called
sleep spindles
the pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during
slow-wave sleep
compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60 year olds
spend less time in deep sleep
people are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they
strongly expect that they can be hypnotized
the circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the
suprachiasmatic nucleus
REM rebound involves the
tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
what is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates
the brain stops producing endorphins
the need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of
tolerance
researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in
treating obesity
when oxygen deprivation just prior to death turns off the brain's inhibitory cells, neural activity increases in the
visual cortex
which of the following is an amphetamine derivative that acts as a mild hallucinogen
ecstasy
When people are experiencing vivid dreams
their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids
what do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common
they excite neural activity and arouse body functions
As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of
tolerance
