Chapter 5 Psychology: States of Consciousness

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

90 minutes

which of the following is true of alcohol

In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant.

how is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?

In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.

The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage?

NREM-1 sleep

Although repeated use of amphetamines has caused Aaron legal problems, which threaten his job, he continues to use the drugs. Aaron most clearly shows signs of

addiction

Compulsive craving for and use of a drug is an indication of

addiction

why is it dangerous to combine alcohol with a sleeping pill

alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined action reduces nervous system activity and can lead to death

Francois was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using?

amphetamines

Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?

barbiturates

When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by

blocking the reuptake of dopamine

the divided consciousness theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis involves

dissociation

After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to

have very relaxed muscles

hypnosis involves a state of

heightened openness to suggestion

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Larisa's breathing slowed, her pupils constricted, and her feelings of anxiety were replaced by blissful pleasure. Larisa most likely experienced the effects of

heroin

The occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that

humans, like most other mammals, need REM sleep

Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.

increase; decrease

An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of

lsd

chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

obesity

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

sleep apnea is a disorder involving

the cessation of breathing during sleep

the discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called

withdrawl

which of the following is true melatonin?

It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream.

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing

REM sleep

Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience

REM sleep

Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through

REM sleep

Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with

REM sleep

at 3 o clock in the morning, john has already slept for 4 hours. as long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of

REM sleep

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.

REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep

which of the following is true of night terrors

They typically occur during NREM-3 sleep

daniel kahneman and his colleagues found that the daily moods of working women were most heavily influenced by

a good night's sleep

circadian rhythm refers to

a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle

Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?

activation-synthesis theory

As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience

an increase in REM sleep

LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as a(n)

antagonists

which of the following is a common symptom of nicotine withdrawl

anxiety

sleeptalking may occur during

any stage of sleep

People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory

which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?

as sleep progresses, NREM-3 sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases

Sodium pentothal has sometimes been called a "truth serum" because it relaxes people and enables them to more freely disclose personally embarrassing experiences. It is most likely that sodium pentothal is a(n)

barbiturate

Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, are

barbiturates

which of the following is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance

caffeine

which of the following psychoactive drugs is the most likely to worsen people's ability to sleep

caffeine

After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal

circadian rhythm

After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal:

circadian rhythm

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

circadian rhythm

Our inability to fall asleep early as we had planned is most likely a reflection of

circadian rhythm

With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the

circadian rhythm

A brief 15- to 30-minute rush of euphoria followed by a crash of agitated depression is most closely associated with the use of:

cocaine

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of

cocaine

Prior to age 9, children's dreams seem more like a slide show and less like an active story in which the dreamer is an actor. This best illustrates that the content of dreams reflects children's

cognitive development

alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long term memory by

decreasing REM sleep

one of the deadly effects of ecstasy is

dehydration

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called

delta waves

alcohol is considered a

depressant

Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called

depressants

sleep deprivation has been shown to

diminish immunity to disease

research indicates that alcohol

disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories

Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is

dreaming

The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of

ecstasy

the greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to

feel powerless to overcome the addiction

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by

fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day

Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night, while others need 9 hours or more. Such differences in individual sleep patterns suggests that

genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get

Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called

hallucination

lsd is most likely to produce

hallucinations

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that

individuals who are given morphine for pain relief seldom develop the irresistible cravings of an addict

research indicates that the percentage of total sleep spent in REM sleep is higher in _________ than in ___________

infants; adults

Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from

insomnia

researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a night's sleep than after several hours awake. this finding suggests that sleep

is involved in the memory process

according to freud, the latent content of a dream refers to

its underlying but censored meaning

Jason has been smoking marijuana. Which of the following best describes the effects of this psychoactive drug on Jason's behavior?

jason will become relaxed and experience mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss

Josef, a high school student, tells his therapist that he has had a recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a ferocious tiger. The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josef's unresolved feelings of hostility toward his father. According to Freud, the therapist is revealing the possible ________ content of Josef's dream.

latent

according to freud, the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its

latent content

the emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ___________ during REM sleep

limbic system

after ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, kampreet experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. kampreet most likely experienced the effects of

lsd

which of the following is a psychedelic drug

lsd

Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________ content.

manifest

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that

many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help

Regular users of ________ may achieve a high with smaller amounts of the drug than occasional users.

marijuana

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.

marijuana; hallucinogen

when light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter __________ production by the pineal gland

melatonin

When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria.

methamphetamine

the british government classifies the highly addictive crystallized form of __________ as one of the most dangerous of drugs

methamphetamine

The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by the fact that

most mammals experience REM rebound

the lack of the neurotransmitter orexin has been linked to which of the following

narcolepsy

which of the following sleep disorders would have the most negative impact for a commercial bus driver

narcolepsy

the change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called

neuroadaptation

By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.

nicotine

which of the following drugs is classified as stimulant

nicotine

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from

night terrors

morphine and heroin are

opiates

consciousness is

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns

people in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer

the activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why

people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep

If Marty doesn't drink caffeinated sodas daily, he experiences severe headaches. Marty is most clearly showing signs of

physical dependence

physical pain and intense cravings indicate

physical dependence

unpleasant withdrawl symptoms are indicative of

physical dependence

some researchers suggest that the brain activity associated with REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation. this finding supports which of the following dream theories

physiological

Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.

psychoactive

alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called

psychoactive drugs

Although Max never experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms, he feels that he needs coffee every morning as part of his daily routine. Max best illustrates

psychological dependence

drug tolerance refers to the

reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular usage.

which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia

relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime

alpha waves are associated with

relaxed but awake state

A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces

sensitivity to pain

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from

sleep apnea

Obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders?

sleep apnea

Research on sleep patterns indicates that

sleep patterns may be genetically influenced

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occurred during NREM-2 sleep are called

sleep spindles

the pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during

slow-wave sleep

compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60 year olds

spend less time in deep sleep

people are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they

strongly expect that they can be hypnotized

the circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the

suprachiasmatic nucleus

REM rebound involves the

tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

what is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates

the brain stops producing endorphins

the need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of

tolerance

researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in

treating obesity

when oxygen deprivation just prior to death turns off the brain's inhibitory cells, neural activity increases in the

visual cortex

which of the following is an amphetamine derivative that acts as a mild hallucinogen

ecstasy

When people are experiencing vivid dreams

their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids

what do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common

they excite neural activity and arouse body functions

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of

tolerance