Chapter 5 quiz Political science

The Equal Rights Amendment failed to pass because it

was not ratified by the necessary 38 states.

Before 1924, Native Americans

were considered to be foreigners because their tribes were regarded as separate nations.

The DREAM Act would

provide a route to permanent residency via military service or college attendance for undocumented immigrants who came to the United States as young children.

Observers claim that the Supreme Court's decision in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007) represents the "end of the Brown era" because it

declared one of the few public strategies left to promote racial integration unconstitutional.

"Pupil placement" laws

delayed desegregation efforts by authorizing school districts to place each pupil in a school according to a variety of academic, personal, and psychological considerations.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

ended some of the most blatant forms of discrimination across the country.

The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

established the "separate but equal" rule.

In the years before Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court

overturned forms of segregation using the separate but equal rule.

Ten years after Brown v. Board of Education (1954), only ________ percent of black children in the Deep South attended school with white children.

1

Approximately ________ individuals of Japanese descent were forcibly placed in internment camps during World War II.

120,000

The first slaves were brought to what would become the United States in ________.

1619

About ________ percent of southern white families owned slaves in 1840.

25

The Supreme Court began to change its position on racial discrimination in the ________.

1930s

In ________, the Supreme Court permitted busing children as a way of bringing about desegregation of schools.

1971

In 1965, in the seven states of the Old Confederacy covered by the Voting Rights Act (VRA), approximately ________ percent of the eligible black residents were registered to vote, compared with approximately ________ percent of the white residents.

30; 75

The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees

African American men the right to vote.

Which statement about the Reconstruction era is correct?

African American voters supported the Republican Party

Which of the following cities had a major racial confrontation concerning school busing in the 1970s?

Boston

In 1870, Congress passed a law forbidding ________ from becoming U.S. citizens.

Chinese

Which group was not permitted to immigrate to the United States from the late nineteenth century until the 1940s?

Chinese

The ________ forbade workplace discrimination based on race.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

The American experience with civil rights suggests which of the following things about political change in the United States?

Congress needs constitutional authority to act from the courts, and the courts need legislative assistance to implement court orders and focus political support.

________ was the leader of the United Farm Workers union in the 1960s.

César Chávez

Which government institution would most likely handle a complaint about a case of workplace discrimination?

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

The "Black Lives Matter" protests started in

Ferguson, Missouri.

Which of the following are names of Latino civil rights organizations?

G.I. Forum, LULAC, and MALDEF

Which president inaugurated government affirmative action programs?

Lyndon Johnson

Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,

Mexico ceded to the U.S. territory that now comprises Arizona, California, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah.

Which of the following statements about voter identification (ID) laws is accurate?

More than 30 states have enacted legislation requiring voters to show positive identification at the polls.

Which of the following statements about the judicial standard of strict scrutiny is NOT accurate?

NOT The burden of proof is placed on the government.

Which of the following statements about the Supreme Court's rulings on hiring, promotion, and training programs is most accurate?

NOT The federal government has no constitutional authority to regulate hiring, promotion, and training programs.

Under the "rational basis test,"

NOT courts determine whether to uphold government policies based on a "rational" interpretation of the Constitution. NOT courts use a points-based formula for calculating whether the plaintiff or the government bears the burden of proof. NOT government classification schemes are enacted only when a cost-benefit analysis proves that they will help more people than they will hurt. the burden of proof is on the plaintiff to show that there is no rational basis, whatsoever, for the government's rules. ?

In Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No.1 (2007), the Supreme Court ruled

NOT public school policies that assigned students to a school on the basis of race were unconstitutional because they discriminated against African Americans.

In the University of Michigan affirmative action cases, the Supreme Court

NOT rejected all affirmative action policies in university admissions. NOT upheld mechanical point systems for university admissions but rejected highly individualized affirmative action policies.

As of 2016, Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is a policy that

NOT requires universities to make admissions decisions about the applications of undocumented students after all other applications have been evaluated.

The Reconstruction era came to an end because

NOT the Supreme Court ruled that federal troops could not be stationed in southern states.

Women were guaranteed the right to vote with the passage of the ________ Amendment in 1920.

Nineteenth

What best explains the increased attention the federal government paid to the problem of racial discrimination during the 1940s?

Northern migration of African Americans increased their voting strength.

Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

Racially segregated schools can never be equal.

What was the result of the Compromise of 1877?

Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president.

Which statement best describes the path to women's suffrage in the United States?

Some states granted women the right to vote first, and then a constitutional amendment extended the right to all women in the United States.

________ once said, "Your denial of my citizen's right to vote is the denial of my right of consent as one of the governed, the denial of my right of representation as one of the taxed, the denial of my right to a trial of my peers as an offender against law."

Susan B. Anthony

Which of the following is true of Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

The Court outlawed de jure segregation.

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on voter registration in southern states?

The gap between the percentage of whites registering to vote and the percentage of African Americans registering to vote declined significantly after passage of the Voting Rights Act.

Why did President Dwight D. Eisenhower deploy federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957?

The governor of Arkansas mobilized the Arkansas National Guard to block the enforcement of a federal court order to integrate Little Rock Central High School.

Why did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) rely primarily on the courts to press for black political rights in its early years?

The northern African American vote was too small to bring about policy change at the legislative level, so the NAACP chose a strategy of litigation.

Which of the following statements best describes the number of peaceful civil rights demonstrations during the 1950s and 1960s?

The number of demonstrations grew in the early 1960s and peaked in 1965.

Which of the following statements about gender equality is correct?

The percentage of female representatives in Congress has increased over the last 20 years.

What did the Supreme Court rule in Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)?

There is no constitutional right to privacy for consensual homosexual activity.

________ civil rights acts were passed during the first decade after the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

Three

During the 1940s and 1950s, who was the head lawyer for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund?

Thurgood Marshall

Which of the following has been most important in encouraging groups and individuals to convert their grievances into questions of rights and of the deprivation of those rights?

Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

President ________ appointed the first President's Commission on Civil Rights in ________.

Truman; 1946

________ was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

W. E. B. Du Bois

Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

was a valuable tool for the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it prohibited gender discrimination.

Which was the first state to allow women to vote?

Wyoming

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

a meeting in upstate New York during the mid-nineteenth century regarding women's rights

Strict scrutiny refers to

a test used by the Supreme Court that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional.

The Thirteenth Amendment

abolished slavery.

United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) is important because the Court declared that

anyone born in the United States was entitled to be a citizen.

Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (1992) is important because it

asserted that violations of Title IX of the 1972 Education Act could be remedied with monetary damages.

One step taken toward the desegregation of public schools was

busing children from poor urban school districts to wealthier suburban ones.

In response to the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), southern officials

centralized school boards to prevent local districts from obeying the Supreme Court.

Restrictive covenants were

contract clauses added by the seller of a home that required the buyer to agree never to sell the home to any non-Caucasian.

Legally enforced segregation in public schools is a form of ________ discrimination.

de jure

What occurs when electoral districts are drawn so that one group or party is unfairly advantaged?

gerrymandering

The Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) was significant because it

guaranteed same-sex couples the right to marry in all states and required states to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions.

The Fair Housing Act of 1968

had little effect on housing segregation because its enforcement mechanisms were very weak.

What level of scrutiny do federal judges apply to cases involving gender discrimination?

intermediate scrutiny

Suffragists called the Statue of Liberty "the greatest hypocrisy of the nineteenth century" because

it was supposed to represent "liberty," yet women could not vote in the United States.

In terms of combating racism, the NAACP had the most success with ________.

lawsuits

Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. (2007) was significant because it

led Congress to pass a new law giving workers expanded rights to sue in cases where they learn of discriminatory treatment well after it has started.

Which of the following was used as a way to limit the electoral influence of African Americans?

literacy tests

Congress strengthened voting rights in 1975 by

making literacy tests illegal and mandating bilingual ballots or other assistance for non-English-speaking Americans.

The Seneca Falls Convention was significant because it

marked the starting point of the modern women's movement

The Supreme Court justified its decision to strike down the use of white primaries in the South by claiming that

parties were "an agency of the State," and therefore any practice of discrimination against blacks was a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempted to

protect former slaves from discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels and theaters.

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), the Supreme Court ruled that

quotas and separate admissions standards for minorities were unconstitutional, but affirmative action could be used.

Strict scrutiny is the level of judicial review that federal judges give to all cases that involve ________ classifications.

racial

The Supreme Court ruled in Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) that

racially restrictive covenants on housing could not be enforced by courts.

The 1977 Community Reinvestment Act

required banks to lend in the neighborhoods in which they do business.

In the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress expanded the role of the executive branch and the credibility of court orders by

requiring that federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments for education be withheld from any school system that practiced racial segregation.

President Harry S. Truman was moved to bring the problem of racial discrimination to the nation's attention by

revelations of Nazi racial atrocities during World War II.

The Supreme Court ruled in Lau v. Nichols (1974) that

school districts have to provide education for students whose English is limited.

Desegregating schools in northern states proved to be difficult because

segregation in the North was generally de facto and hard to prove.

During the late nineteenth century, the equal protection clause was

severely limited in scope by the Supreme Court.

The "peculiar institution" was a phrase used by southerners to describe

slavery.

In Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), the Supreme Court determined that

slaves were not citizens of the United States.

In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court

struck down a state law criminalizing homosexual conduct.

In Loving v. Virginia (1967), the Supreme Court

struck down state laws banning interracial marriage.

In Shelby County v. Holder (2014), the Supreme Court

struck down the 1965 Voting Rights Act's formula for determining whether a jurisdiction needed federal preclearance before making any changes to its voting laws or practices.

The rights of disabled individuals to access public businesses is guaranteed by

the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

After the Civil War, which amendments to the U.S. Constitution offered African Americans the most hope for achieving full citizenship rights?

the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments

After World War II, which government institution first began drawing attention to the problem of racism in America?

the White House

Mendez v. Westminster (1947) was significant because

the decision to overturn school segregation of Mexican American students in California served as a precursor to Brown v. Board of Education.

What is redlining?

the practice of bank officials refusing to make loans to people living in certain neighborhoods

The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions was controversial because it called for

the right to vote for women.

What does the term Jim Crow mean?

the system of racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction

Title IX of the 1972 Education Act has had its greatest effect on ________.

university athletic programs

The attempt to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment was an important struggle for ________.

women