Chapter 5: The Integumentary System

"Goose bumps" are caused by

Contraction of arrector pili muscles

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

Corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale.

This type of exocrine gland is a simple, branched acinar gland connected to a hair follicle.

Sebaceous Gland

This is a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts.

Sebum

What percentage of the body would be burned if only the anterior trunk and anterior left upper limb were involved.

About 22.5% of the body would be involved (4.5% [anterior arm] + 18% [anterior trunk]).

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.

Accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer.

Which skin disorder involves inflammation of sebaceous glands caused by bacteria which thrive in the lipid-rich sebum?

Acne

Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps?

Arrector Pili

The hair root plexus functions to

Assist hair in touch perception

Which is the most common type of skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer.

You stepped on a nail. List the sequential layers (or strata) of the epidermis that the nail penetrated through to finally reach the dermis.

Corneum, lucidum, granulosom, spinosum, basale

Which of the primary germ layers of the embryo does the epidermis of the skin develop from?

Ectoderm

This layer of the skin is composed of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Epidermis

Which term refers to redness of the skin such as seen in patients with inflammation, infection or heat exposure?

Erythema

True or False: The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.

False

True or False: When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.

False

Keratin

Is a Protein

________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires.

Porphyria

Which structure found in the skin plays an important role in thermoregulation?

Sweat Glands

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn?

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

When a person's body becomes too warm, how does the integumentary system work with other body systems to maintain homeostasis?

Increased secretion of perspiration helps cool the body.

The stratum lucidum

Is present only in thick skin

Which condition is due to a buildup of bilirubin pigment in the skin?

Jaundice

Which term refers to an irregular tear of the skin?

Laceration

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. What protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.

This epidermal cell has a role in immunity and disease resistance.

Langerhans Cells

This epidermal cells has a role in immunity and disease resistance

Langerhans Cells

This is fine nonpigmented hair that covers the body of the fetus.

Lanugo

This is the fine nonpigmented hair that covers the body of the fetus

Lanugo

Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________.

Male Hormones

Which condition results from androgens inhibiting hair growth in genetically predisposed adults?

Male-Pattern Baldness

Albinism is the inherited inability to produce

Melanin

This pigment secreted by specialized cells in the skin is capable of absorbing ultraviolet light.

Melanin

What is the function of melanin?

Melanin protects DNA of keratinocytes from the damaging effects of UV light.

Why are nails so hard?

Nails are hard because they are composed of tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells.

Which structure found in the skin help prevent water loss and inhibit bacterial growth on the surface of the skin?

Oil Glands

Would you expect an epidermal wound to bleed? Why or why not?

Since the epidermis is avascular, an epidermal wound would not produce any bleeding.

This layer of epidermis is composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes.

Stratum Basale

Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the formation of a callus, which is the thickening of the ________ of the epidermis.

Stratum Corneum

This layer of the epidermis contains layers of flattened keratinocytes that are going through apoptosis.

Stratum Granulosum

What types of tissues make up the epidermis and the dermis?

The epidermis is composed of epithelial tissue; the dermis is made up of connective tissue.

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.

The major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber.

What factors determine the seriousness of a burn?

The seriousness of a burn is determined by the depth and extent of the area involved, the individual's age, and general health.

Which epidermal layer includes stem cells that continually undergo cell division?

The stratum basale is the layer of the epidermis with stem cells that continually undergo cell division.

Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________.

Thermoregulation, blood reservoir, protection, cutaneous sensations, and excretion and absorption.

The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. What is true regarding these prints or ridges?

They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.

Describe the events that lead to the tanning of skin that occurs after exposure of the skin to the sun's UV radiation?

UV radiation stimulates increased production of melanin by melanosomes.

What is the composition of vernix caseosa?

Vernix caseosa consists of secretions from sebaceous glands, sloughed off peridermal cells, and hairs.

You stepped on a nail. List the sequential layers (or strata) of the epidermis that the nail penetrated through to finally reach the dermis

Corneum, lucidum, granulosom, spinosum, basale.

This layer of the skin is composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.

Dermis

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________.

Diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis.

This is type of exocrine gland is a simple, coided tubular gland that is found throughout almost the entirety of the skin.

Eccrine Sweat Gland

This type of exocrine gland is a simple, coiled tubular gland that is found throughout almost the entirety of the skin.

Eccrine Sweat Gland

What are fingernails?

Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis.

Characteristics of thick skin include:

Found in the palms, soles of the feet and fingertips, does not contain hair follicles, contains more sweat glands than thin skin, and contain epidermal ridges.

Which term refers to reddened, elevated, and itchy patches of skin commonly caused by emotional stress, physical trauma, or certain food allergies?

Hives

This is another name for the subcutaneous layer.

Hypodermis

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

In the axillary and anogenital area.

Which term refers to paleness of the skin such as seen in patients with shock or anemia?

Pallor

Why does it hurt when you pluck a hair out but now when you have a haircut?

Plucking a hair stimulates hair root plexuses in the dermis, some of which are sensitive to pain. Because the cells of a hair shaft are already dead and the hair shaft lacks nerves, cutting hair is not painful.

What is a common characteristic of thin skin?

Presence of Sebaceous Glands

What parts of the body are usually affected by pressure ulcers?

Pressure ulcers typically develop in tissues that overlie bony projections subjected to pressure, such as the shoulders, hips, buttocks, heels, and ankles.