CHAPTER 5: The Nervous, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems
At what age is the adolescent brain considered to be fully developed?
25
When a client's heart rate is raised during cardio activities, this is being caused by which system?
sympathetic nervous system
Which joints are most associated with human movement?
synovial
Which of the following protein structures is important for muscular contractions by providing a binding site?
troponin
What is the purpose of the intervertebral discs?
They act as shock absorbers
What surrounds the skeletal muscles and connects them to other surrounding muscles?
fascia
What are the three types of muscles in the body?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Which of these is one of the major curvatures of the spine from a posterior view?
Concave lumbar curve
Which type of joint includes the sutures of the skull?
Nonsynovial
What describes the movement of bones, such as flexion and extension?
Osteokinematics
When a gymnast balances on a beam, they are aware of their body's general orientation and the relative position of its parts. This is due to which key sensory function?
Proprioception
Which characteristic is exhibited by type I muscle fibers?
Slow & fatigue
What is explained by the sliding filament theory?`
The shortening of a sarcomere to produce a muscle contraction
What is the function of the neuromuscular junction?
The site where the nervous system and muscle fibers communicate
What is the term for the chemical messengers that cross the synapse between the neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission?
neurotransmitters
Which system puts the body into a relaxed state, termed rest and digest?
parasympathetic nervous system
What is the name for projections protruding from the bone to which tendons and ligaments attach?
processes
Weight-bearing exercise helps strengthen bones through what process?
remodeling
Which joint is the most mobile, able to move in all three directions?
ball and socket
What are the two components of the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
At what age is total peak bone mass reached?
30
What best describes the all-or-nothing principle?
A motor unit will either contract maximally or not at all
What is it called when a ligament is overstretched or torn?
A sprain
What are the two categories of bone markings?
Depressions and processes
Which mechanoreceptor is sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of that tension change, causing the muscle to relax, which prevents the muscle from excessive stress and possible injury?
Golgi tendon organs
What is a characteristic of a type I muscle fiber?
Less force production
Humans can learn new things at any stage of life, due to which process that causes the brain to reform neural pathways?
neuroplasticity
Which type of muscle fiber is predominantly used during movements that require high levels of force and power, such as a sprint?
Type 2
Which type of muscle fiber has a large number of capillaries?
Type I
Which division of the skeleton is made up of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle?
appendicular
Which system supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body?
autonomic nervous system
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
axial and appendicular
What is the correct order of fascia, starting with the most superficial?
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium (EPE)
What is the fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone?
ligament
What is the bone type of the clavicle, radius, and ulna?
long
A person walks differently when they move from a sidewalk onto the sand. This is regulated by what function?
motor function
What is the name of the specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system?
neuron