CHAPTER 5: The Nervous, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems

At what age is the adolescent brain considered to be fully developed?

25

When a client's heart rate is raised during cardio activities, this is being caused by which system?

sympathetic nervous system

Which joints are most associated with human movement?

synovial

Which of the following protein structures is important for muscular contractions by providing a binding site?

troponin

What is the purpose of the intervertebral discs?

They act as shock absorbers

What surrounds the skeletal muscles and connects them to other surrounding muscles?

fascia

What are the three types of muscles in the body?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Which of these is one of the major curvatures of the spine from a posterior view?

Concave lumbar curve

Which type of joint includes the sutures of the skull?

Nonsynovial

What describes the movement of bones, such as flexion and extension?

Osteokinematics

When a gymnast balances on a beam, they are aware of their body's general orientation and the relative position of its parts. This is due to which key sensory function?

Proprioception

Which characteristic is exhibited by type I muscle fibers?

Slow & fatigue

What is explained by the sliding filament theory?`

The shortening of a sarcomere to produce a muscle contraction

What is the function of the neuromuscular junction?

The site where the nervous system and muscle fibers communicate

What is the term for the chemical messengers that cross the synapse between the neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission?

neurotransmitters

Which system puts the body into a relaxed state, termed rest and digest?

parasympathetic nervous system

What is the name for projections protruding from the bone to which tendons and ligaments attach?

processes

Weight-bearing exercise helps strengthen bones through what process?

remodeling

Which joint is the most mobile, able to move in all three directions?

ball and socket

What are the two components of the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

At what age is total peak bone mass reached?

30

What best describes the all-or-nothing principle?

A motor unit will either contract maximally or not at all

What is it called when a ligament is overstretched or torn?

A sprain

What are the two categories of bone markings?

Depressions and processes

Which mechanoreceptor is sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of that tension change, causing the muscle to relax, which prevents the muscle from excessive stress and possible injury?

Golgi tendon organs

What is a characteristic of a type I muscle fiber?

Less force production

Humans can learn new things at any stage of life, due to which process that causes the brain to reform neural pathways?

neuroplasticity

Which type of muscle fiber is predominantly used during movements that require high levels of force and power, such as a sprint?

Type 2

Which type of muscle fiber has a large number of capillaries?

Type I

Which division of the skeleton is made up of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle?

appendicular

Which system supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body?

autonomic nervous system

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

axial and appendicular

What is the correct order of fascia, starting with the most superficial?

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium (EPE)

What is the fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone?

ligament

What is the bone type of the clavicle, radius, and ulna?

long

A person walks differently when they move from a sidewalk onto the sand. This is regulated by what function?

motor function

What is the name of the specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system?

neuron