Chapter 5: Vision
Noelle is a makeup artist and is very good at using makeup to create fine details to create visual effects. As she works, her __________ cells help her see details.
parvocellular
The receptive field of a receptor is the...
point in space from which light strikes the receptor
Brittanie has had damage to the dorsal stream of her visual system. She now has trouble with ________.
reaching out to grasp an object
The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____________.
thalamus
According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision?
3 kind of cones
Which of the following would be the easiest for someone who is motion blind? A)dressing themselves B)driving a car C)taking the dog for a walk D)filling a pitcher with water
A)dressing themselves
What receptors are responsible for the perception of color?
Cones only
T or F: The opponent-process theory explains why Dana's dress still looks blue even after she dims the light.
False
T or F: The ventral stream of visual processing is important for identifying movement
False
T or F:An object's location, color, and movement are all processed in the same part of the visual cortex.
False
Dan is studying for a quiz on the visual system. He records in his notes that axons from the ________ project to the _______ of the cerebral cortex.
LGN; occipital lobe
Cells in the magnocellular path are color insensitive, therefore ________ is also color insensitive.
MT
Casey is one of the unique individuals that has 4 kinds of cones. What is NOT true about Casey?
She has two forms of the short-wavelength cone.
T or F: Johannes Muller held that whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve.
True
Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have...
a greater rod to cone ratio
various types of _______ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.
amacrine
Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from...
bipolar cells that receive input from cones
According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by.....
contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others
A baby is more likely to pay attention to ____than anything else.
faces
The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks _____________.
have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina
In the vertebrae retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?
horizontal cells
As a human, Lenny is really good at detecting motion. This is because of his ________.
magnocellular neurons in the periphery
Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?
more receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell
Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to ___________.
movement
Jay is looking at something located to his right. Where would that light hit his retina?
on the left half
The ______ of any neuron in the visual system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it.
receptive field
In what order does visual information pass through the retina?
receptors cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
in addition to having difficulty recognizing faces, people with prosopagnosia may have difficulty _________________.
recognizing different kinds of plants and animals
Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the _________ theory of color vision.
retinex
Which theory can best explain why people that are wearing yellow-colored glasses can still identify the color of a green apple?
retinex theory
When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the ____.
speed and direction of movement
In the visual system, the ____ and _______ constantly feed information back and forth.
thalamus; cortex
Wendy has had damage to the ventral stream of her visual system. She now has trouble with......
the ability to describe the shape or size of an object
Cortical neurons in the visual cortex of a kitten or a cat will lose the ability to respond to stimuli in one eye if the eye is sutured shut for ____________.
the first month of life
Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.
the periphery; the fovea
The primary visual cortex sends its information __________.
to area V2
According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by....
which neurons are active
Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the _________ theory of color vision.
constancy
T or F: the coding of visual information in your brain results in an exact duplicate of the object's shape on the surface of the cortex.
false
_______ respond to a particular feature of a stimulus.
feature detectors
___________ cells axons make up the optic nerve.
ganglion
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?
ganglion cells
Which structure has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?
inferior temporal cortex
Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for...
integrating vision with action
What is likely to be said about the fovea?
it has the greatest perception of detail
The optic nerve sends most of its information to the ______ of the __________
lateral geniculate nucleus; thalamus
Suppose someone has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of horizontal cells in the retina. Which visual phenomenon is most likely to be impaired?
lateral inhibition
What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders?
lateral inhibition
Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in ____.
left eye
Which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages?
opponent-process theory
linda was developing film in a room with a red light. When she came out of the room, everything looked a little green for a while. Which theory explains why this is happening?
opponent-process theory
The optic nerves from the right an left eye initially meet at the _________.
optic chiasm
Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with ____.
recognizing faces
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the _____________.
relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths
In depth perception, different views are received by each eye, depending on the distance of the object being viewed. What is this called?
retinal disparity
Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?
tightly packed with receptors
the fact that all colors on older televisions were created by combining only 3 different colors of light supports the ______________.
trichromatic theory
What would be the likely outcome of a person who was blind at birth, and had vision restored later in life by the removal of cataracts (clouded lenses)?
trouble describing the shapes of objects
T or F: A complex cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation
true
T or F: Photopigments are stable in the dark.
true
inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision
visual agnosia