Chapter 5 Vocabulary

integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)

An electronic interface allows communication between a motherboard's data paths or bus and a computer's hard disks

RAID 10

A RAID 10 volume stripes data across mirrored pairs and across multiple disks for data redundancy

RAID 5

A RAID 5 combines disk striping across multiple disks with parity for data redundancy. Parity information is stored in each disk

Directory

A directory is a container in a volume that holds files or other directories. It is used to logically sort and organize data to keep related files grouped together. Most operating systems use a hierarchal filling structure

HDD/SSD

A failure to boot with an error message that reads something to the effect of "OS Not Found" could be trivial or serious.

File

A file is one-dimensional stream of bits treated as a logical unit. Files are the most basic component that a file system uses to organize raw bits of data on the storage device

Foreign

A foreign disk is a dynamic disk that was created in one system and moves to another system. When you first add the disk to a different system, the partition information for the disk must be be updated to reflect all dynamic disks in the current system. Import the disk to make it available in the new system

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

A hard disk drive is a thick magnetic disk encased in a thicker protective shell. It consists of several aluminum platters and each of which requires a read/write head for each side

Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe)

A memory storage device designed to allow access to non volatile storage media through a PCI express (PCIe)bus. It's designed to work well with low latency and internal parallelism of solid-state storage devices

RAID 1

A mirrored volume stores data to two duplicate disks simultaneously.If a disk fails data is present on the other disk , and the system, switches immediately from the failed disk to the functioning disk

Configure a Mount Point

A mount point is an empty folder on the existing volume that points to another partition. Data saved to the folder is physically saved on the referenced partition

Partition

A partition is a logical division of a storage device associated with a hard disk drive. Multiple partitions can be assigned to a single device, in which a case a driver letter is assigned to represent each partition

Solid State Drive (SSD)

A solid state drive is a flash device with storage capacity similar to a small hard drive. They are used as replacements for hard disk drives for storing operating systems and application files

RAID 0 (Striping)

A stripe set breaks data into units and stores the units across a series of disks by reading and writing to all disks simultaneously

Volume

A volume is a single accessible storage area within s system file. A volume can encompass a single partition or span across multiple partitions depending on how it is configured and what operating system you are using. Volumes are identified by the drive letters

Mean Time Before Failure (MTBF)

Because of the way they are constructed, an SSD storage device has a lifepan called the mean time before failure, which is usually much shorter than standard hard disk drives

Blu-ray Disc (BD)

Blu-ray disc is a newer optical disc format that is capable of greater storage capacity that DVDs

Compact Disc (CD)

CD-Rom stands for compact disc read-only memory. They are identical in appearance to audio CDs, and data is stored and retrieved in a very similar manner

Check Disk

Check disk is a utility that verifies the file system integrity of hard disk. Errors that can be checked and fixed

Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)

DVD is an optical media standard that can be used to store large amounts of different types of data (computer data and audio)

Disk Cleanup

Disk cleanup helps manage disk by locating and disposing of files that can be safely removed by the disk

Disk Derangement

Disk derangement optimizes the performance of your hand drive by joining fragments of files that are in different locations on your hand drive into a single location

Check a Drive Status

Drive Status is a message that indicates whether a drive is available. You can use a variety of command tools and applications to check drive status. Depending on the tool, an available drive might be labeled UP. Similar label, and an unavailable status may be labeled DOWN or bad

Basic Disks

Each physical disk can have up to four primary partitions or three primary partitions and one extended partition. They are defined within an extended partition and have up to 24 logical partitions on an extended partition

Drive Noise

Excessive or unusual drive noise is almost always indicative of a failing drive.

Flash Devices

Flash memory cards store information using programmable, non-volatile flash memory

Hardware

Hardware RAID uses special controller card that includes a RAID processor. Hardware RAID is the most expensive method but provides much better performance and is more reliable than other methods

Application Crash

If an application you are using crashes, an error has occurred that gives you no choice expect to exit the application. You can fix the problem by rebooting the computer. You may need to debug your system. Check log files for errors that provide clues that might have caused the crash

Crash Screens

If you experience a blue screen death (BSOD) on a windows machine or spinning pinwheel of death (SPOD) on a mac, several events may have occurred. You can have a fatal system error that is preventing the system from operating safely, or just one application may have failed

Defragmentation

On an SSD stoarge device, fragmentation is much less of an issue than it is for standard hard disk drives.File systems such as NTFS still fragment files when writing the drive in order to optimize storage space

TRIM

One method for extending an SSD device's life is to enable TRIM functionally. TRIM configures the operating system to cummunicate with an SSD device and to tell it which blocks of data on the device are no longer required and can be wiped clean

Operating System

Operating system RAID uses RAID features within the operating system. Like software RAID, the system CPU is used for RAID operations, but performance is typically better than software RAID because of integration with the operating system

SATA1

SATA1 is the original SATA standard. It provided for 1.5 (150MBps) data transfer

HDD

Several things can help increase the performance of slow HDD: Maintain a healthy amount of free disk space on the drive. A mostly empty disk runs faster than a mostly full disk. If as disk is getting full, migrate to a newer, bigger disk

Software

Software RAID uses a driver and the system CPU for controlling RAID operations. This is the slowest form of RAID

Data Resiliency

Storage spaces can include data resiliency. Choosing an option that provides resiliency requires you to allocate space for redundant information. The option for storage spaces data resiliency

Ease of Adding Space

Storage spaces eliminate the need for such tasks as re-partitioning drives, resizing volumes, and backing up data in order to reparation. When you need more disk space for your storage spaces

Not Initialized Unknown

The Not Initialized or the Unknown status indicates a disk without a valid master boot record or partition table. To correct the problem, initialize the disk. If the partition table is invalid, use the third party tools to try to recover the partition table

eSATAp

The eSATA (Power over eSATA or Power eSATA) standards are meant to replace eSATA

eSATA

The eSATA standards are a subset of other standards specifically for externally connected devices

Failed

The failed status shows for a volume that cannot be started, such as when the disk is damaged or the file system is corrupt. Make sure the disk is on and then try reactivating the volume. If that doesn't work, then you likely

Formatting

The formatting status is shown for volumes during the formatting process. After formatting is complete, the status for the volume changes to healthy

Healthy or Online

The healthy or online status indicates that the disk is turned on accessed. The volume on the disk is valid and has no errors

Initializing

The initializing process shows while a disk is being converted from a basic disk to a dynamic disk. After the conversion, the status for the volume changes to healthy

Missing Offline

The missing or offline status show when a dynamic disk had failed, been removed, or turned off. If the disk is turned off, turn it back on, then reactive the disk. If the disk no longer exists, then delete the disk from disk management

SSD

The more an SSD is used, the slower the read/write speed will be: Make sure the file system being used is optimized for an SSD. Because SSDs store data differently than HDDs, they require special techniques to extend the life of the drive, such as wear leveling support

No Media

The no media status shows for a optical or removable media drive that does not contain a valid disc. The disk status only applies to CD-ROM and DVD-ROM or removable disks

Online (Errors)

The online (errors) status indicates that I/O errors have been detected on a dynamic disk. To correct the problem, try reactivating the disk

SATA2

The second generation of SATA devices support up to 3 Gbps (300 MBps)

SATA3

The third generation of SATA devices support up to 6 GBps (600MBps)

Unallocated

The unallocated status shows for portions of a disk that have not been assigned to a partition or a volume

Unavailable

The unavailable status indicates that errors have occurred on physical or dynamic disks

Unreadable

The unreadable status indicates a hardware failure, I/O errors, or other corruption but might also be caused by a delay in reading the disk in the disk management. Try re scanning the disk to see if the status changes. If it doesn't, troubleshoot the hardware or disk problem

Optical Disc

They are a storage medium that uses lasers for both reading and writing information. They store information through pits in their reflective coating. As it spins, the optical drive sends laser optics to the disk and recie

Thin Provisioning

Thin provisioning or overbooking allows you to allocate larger storage spaces than the disk space available in the pool

Split Partitions

To split a partition in windows 10, you can download the EaseUS Partition Master program and install it. From the program interface, you can split a partition and reallocate space

Upgrade the Hard Disk

Upgrade to the fastest hard disk possible. Hard disk drives come in variety of different rotation speeds

Upgrade the Disk Interface

Upgrading your disk interface will greatly improve the throughput of data to and from your hard disk drive. For optimal performance, consider upgrading to SATA3. This will upgrade your speed to 600 Mbps

Dynamic Disks

Volumes on dynamic disks are like partitions and logical drives on basic disks. They support up to 128 volumes, dynamic disks support volumes that use noncontiguous disk space. They contain disk space from a single

Assign Drive Letters

When you connect a new drive to your PC, windows automatically assigns the next available drive letter after C. You can change the drive letter from disk management using the change drive letter and paths option. Use a letter other than A or B, which were historically reserved for floppy drives and can confuse older software

Extend the Volume

When you extend a volume, you add unallocated disk space to the volume

Initialize a Drive

You can initialize, or format, a new hard drive disk on a window system from disk management

Shrink Partitions

You can shrink a partition in a disk management using shrink volume option in computer management