Chapter 6

Which is true about alcohol?

-Commercial alcoholic beverages are made from yeast production. -Simple sugars in the absence of oxygen produce alcohol, a metabolic waste. -Alcohol is not a nutrient.

Choose the dietary modifications that can reduce one's risk for cardiovascular disease.

-Eat foods rich in fiber to reduce LDL cholesterol levels. -Drink small amounts of alcohol to raise HDL cholesterol levels. -Avoid high intakes of sucrose or fructose which can elevate triglyceride levels.

Cis fatty acid

-Hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond. -causes the carbon chain to bend

What are the causes of confusion and memory loss often seen in chronic heavy drinkers?

-Neurons shrink. -Alcohol disrupts the ability of neurons in the brain to transmit messages. -Brain develops structural abnormalities.

Describe the digestion and absorption of alcohol.

Alcohol requires no digestion.

____________is the long-term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls.

Atherosclerosis

When a person consumes 4-5 or more drinks on a single occasion, he/she is labeled as a_____ drinker.

Binge

abstainer

Choice, less than 12 drinks/year less than 12 drinks/year

Avoid sucrose and fructose

Decreases triglyceride levels

True or false: The chemical process that produces alcohol is not complicated and occurs naturally.

True

A long-chain fatty acid is defined as______.

a fatty acid that contains 14 or more carbon atoms in length

Clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow is called _____.

a thrombus

Combining ________ with pain-relievers like acetaminophen can cause severe liver damage.

alcohol

__________ is a drug that, when consumed in excess (often via binge drinking), can damage every system in the body.

alcohol

A(n)__________has an uncontrollable need to drink and is unable to limit his or her alcohol consumption.

alcoholic

Fatty acids are___________ saturated.

always

What two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain?

an acid group (COOH) and a methyl group (CH3)

Alcohol works as a __________, suppressing the production of the antidiuretic hormone.

diuretic

For the general population, egg consumption _____ increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

does not

An economical source of protein and many micronutrients, the _________ has the most concentrated source of cholesterol in the typical American diet, but does not increase the general population's risk of cardiovascular disease.

egg

Alcohol can affect _____ (choose the best answer).

every system in the body

True or false: A person with a blood cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl does not have a risk for atherosclerosis.

false

Safflower, corn, soybean, and cottonseed oils are all rich in _____________fat. Diets high in this type of fat may lead to the reduction of total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL cholesterol.

polyunsaturated

Which of the following can enter the bloodstream directly after being absorbed?

-short-chain fatty acids -medium-chain fatty acids

Choose functions of cholecystokinin.

-signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile -signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes

When you are eating and drinking alcohol during a meal, the food in the meal______.

-slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood -delays alcohol absorption from the stomach

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include _____.

-stroke -coronary artery disease

structural components of a triglyceride

-three attached fatty acids -glycerol backbone

Fatty acids can be ______.

-unsaturated -saturated

The four major classes of lipoproteins are

-very low density lipoproteins. -low density lipoproteins. -chylomicrons. -high density lipoproteins.

light

1 to 13 drinks/month

___________ are a type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels.

Statins

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for _____ is 20% to 35% of total calories.

fat

Phospholipids contain a___________ portion, which attracts water, and a _________ portion, which repels water.

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

A condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease is called _____.

hypertension

The diuretic effect of alcohol is to ______ the excretion of body water.

increase

Consuming ______ amounts of alcohol raises HDL cholesterol levels, reduces blood levels of fibrinogen, and decreases platelet stickiness.

light

An enzyme called_________plays an important role in fat digestion by breaking down lipids.

lipase

Which of the following is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?

lipoprotein lipase

Trans fatty acids resemble saturated fatty acids and provide properties of ______ saturated fatty acids to foods that contain them.

long-chain

Peanuts, peanut oil, canola oil, olives, almonds, and avocados are all rich in _____.

monounsaturated fat

When excess body fat is stored _____, it is associated with unhealthy LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

near the midsection of the body

Family history of CVD and increasing age are _____ risk factors for atherosclerosis.

nonmodifiable

Salmon, flounder, walnuts, and canola oil are food walnuts, tuna, salmon, sources of

omega-3 fatty acids.

The digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule is called _____.

pancreatic lipase

Long-chain fatty acids contain 14 to ___ carbons.

24

heavy

3 or more drinks/day

moderate

4 to 14 drinks/week

Which of the following information about fat is required on the Nutrition Facts panel

-Total fat (grams) -Trans fat (grams) -Cholesterol (mg) -Saturated fat (grams) -Calories from fat

Alcohol poisoning can result in death due to _____.

-aspirating vomit and choking -slowing of the heart rhythm

Which of the following are signs of alcohol poisoning?

-bluish skin -vomiting -confusion -becoming comatose

Lipids are a class of macronutrients that include _____.

-cholesterol -triglycerides -phospholipids -fatty acids

What are some common signs of brain damage that can occur in the heavy drinker?

-confusion -memory loss

What are some signs of alcohol dependency?

-increased tolerance -shakiness

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

-linoleic acid -alpha-linolenic acid

Compared to butter, solid margarine has______.

-more trans fat -less cholesterol -more unsaturated fat

Lipoproteins carry different amounts of

-phospholipids. -protein. -cholesterol.

Which of the following can contribute to unwanted weight gain?

-physical inactivity -excess calorie consumption

Consuming light to moderate amounts of alcohol can _____.

-reduce blood levels of fibrinogen -raise HDL cholesterol levels -decrease platelet stickiness

______ fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas ______ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet.

Essential; nonessential

_____________acids can be saturated or unsaturated.

Fatty

Trans fatty acid

Hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond. -allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

_____________is a chronic condition that is characterized by high blood pressure levels that persist even when a person is relaxed.

Hypertension

______ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.

Lipoproteins

Drink small amounts of alcohol

Raises beneficial HDL cholesterol levels Raises beneficial HDL cholesterol levels

Eat rich sources of fiber

Reduces LDL cholesterol

_____________fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.

Saturated

Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels?

Statins

Most cases of heart disease and stroke result from

atherosclerosis

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake______.

between 20 and 35% of total calories

Lipase is an enzyme that _____.

breaks down fats

The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes is called _____.

cholecystokinin

A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is__________.

cholesterol

Lipids or fats include______.

cholesterol

There is _____ evidence that low to moderate amounts of alcohol impair strength and endurance.

conflicting

omega-3 fatty acid

contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.

Food manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to______.

convert liquid oils into more solid fats

Which of the following foods are rich in polyunsaturated fat?

corn oil soybean oil

One in three adult Americans suffer from some form of__________disease, which includes heart disease and stroke.

heart

A fatty acid is comprised of a _________ chain, which is a chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.

hydrocarbon

A saturated fatty acid is completely filled with _____.

hydrogen atoms

__________is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.

hydrogenation

Margarine is______.

made from vegetable oil.

long-chain fatty acids

reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

Structurally, a trans fat resembles a _____.

saturated fatty acid

Even though it is a small amount, lipid digestion begins in the _____.

stomach

A clot that forms at an injury site and disrupts blood flow is called a(n) _____.

thrombus

Registered dietitian nutritionists often promote the _____ for reducing blood lipids and CVD.

traditional Mediterranean diet

hydrogenation process produces

trans fat

________fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ______________ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process.

trans; saturated

short and medium-chain fatty acids

travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver

A __________has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

triglyceride

An omega-3 fatty acid is______.

unsaturated

Phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, which attract and repel ________.

water.

You would be at increased risk of heart disease if _____.

your father was diagnosed with CVD before 55 years of age

An individual with an acceptable total cholesterol level may still be at risk for atherosclerosis. What additional cholesterol measurement should be evaluated to provide a more accurate risk assessment?

-LDL Cholesterol -HDL Cholesterol

You just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides_______kcal from fat.

45

What is the difference in calories between a gram of fat and a gram of carbohydrate?

5 kcal fat-9 carb-4