Chapter 6

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system in which people are paid to act correctly by earning rewards, such as points that can be cashed in for treats or privileges

token economies

when people earn rewards for certain behavior

token economies

experienced indirectly through the experience of another

vicarious

a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral

conditioned response

a stimulus that causes a learned response

conditioned stimulus

type of learning that involves stimulus- response connections

conditioning

rewarding a mouse every time it presses a particular button is an example of

continuous reinforcement

involves the pairing of pleasant stimuli with fearful ones in order to counteract the subject's fear.

counterconditioning

a conditioning method in which people with fears are exposed to harmless stimuli until fear responses are extinguished.

flooding

type of imitation

modeling

examples of this behavior include food and warmth

primary behavior

relationship between size, quantity, or amount between two things

ratio

process by which a stimulus increases the chances that a behavior will occur again

reinforcement

process by which a stimulus increases the chances that a preceding behavior will happen again

reinforcement

a type of learning that involves stimulus-response connections

Conditioning

the act of responding differently to a stimuli that are not similar to each other

Discrimination

the loss of a stimulus's ability to bring about a conditioned response

Extinction

the act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar

Generalization

approach to active learning that includes six steps to help students absorb information

PQ4R method

a learned avoidance of a particular food

Taste Aversion

an automatic response to a stimulus

unconditioned response

automatic response not learned

unconditioned response

a stimulus that causes a response that is not learned

unconditioned stimulus

a new student who learns about classroom behavior by observing other students behavior is demonstrating

vicarious reinforcement

experienced indirectly through the experience of another person

vicarious reinforcement

act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other

discrimination

the process of studying something regularly so the learning is spread over several days or weeks

distributed learning

when it loses ability to bring about conditioned response

extinction

act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar

generalization

a child learning how to tie a shoe by watching her parents demonstrate how they tie theirs would be an example of

latent learning

learning that remains hidden until it is needed

latent learning

an effort to learn a great deal of information all at once

massed learning

form of observational learning in which people observe behavior and can later reproduce it

modeling

picking up new behaviors by imitating other people is known as

modeling

reinforcers intended to stop unwanted behavior from occuring

negative reinforcers

knowing the layout of your school or neighborhood simply because you walk around it on a daily basis is an example of

observational learning

the acquiring of knowledge by observing and imitating other people

observational learning

type of conditioning in which people and animals learn to behave in certain ways because of the results of what they do

operant conditioning

rewarding a behavior every fifth time it occurs is an example of what reinforcement

partial

being allowed to visit a friend because you have completed all of your chores is an example of

positive reinforcement

stimuli that increase the frequency of a behavior that they follow

positive reinforcers

effort to get a general picture of the material covered in a section of text before reading it

preview

reinforcers that function due to the biological makeup of an organism

primary reinforcer

unwanted events that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow

punishment

the relationship in quantity, amount, or size between two things

ratio

increases the frequency of behavior

reward

reinforcement includes...

rewards and punishments

outlines how often a behavior is reinforced.

schedule of reinforcement

money and social status are considered what reinforce because their values must be learned.

secondary

method of teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces small steps

shaping

organisms display responses to stimuli that had been extinguished earlier.

spontaneous recovery

use of relaxation techniques to help people overcome fears.

systematic desensitization

a process such as riding a bicycle can be learned as a series of steps that build on each other, which is called

chaining

method of learning in which each step of a sequence leads to another step until the final action is achieved.

chaining

Pavlov's experiments with dogs are an example of

classical conditioning

a simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth a response normally generated by a different stimulus

classical conditioning


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