Chapter 6
system in which people are paid to act correctly by earning rewards, such as points that can be cashed in for treats or privileges
token economies
when people earn rewards for certain behavior
token economies
experienced indirectly through the experience of another
vicarious
a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral
conditioned response
a stimulus that causes a learned response
conditioned stimulus
type of learning that involves stimulus- response connections
conditioning
rewarding a mouse every time it presses a particular button is an example of
continuous reinforcement
involves the pairing of pleasant stimuli with fearful ones in order to counteract the subject's fear.
counterconditioning
a conditioning method in which people with fears are exposed to harmless stimuli until fear responses are extinguished.
flooding
type of imitation
modeling
examples of this behavior include food and warmth
primary behavior
relationship between size, quantity, or amount between two things
ratio
process by which a stimulus increases the chances that a behavior will occur again
reinforcement
process by which a stimulus increases the chances that a preceding behavior will happen again
reinforcement
a type of learning that involves stimulus-response connections
Conditioning
the act of responding differently to a stimuli that are not similar to each other
Discrimination
the loss of a stimulus's ability to bring about a conditioned response
Extinction
the act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar
Generalization
approach to active learning that includes six steps to help students absorb information
PQ4R method
a learned avoidance of a particular food
Taste Aversion
an automatic response to a stimulus
unconditioned response
automatic response not learned
unconditioned response
a stimulus that causes a response that is not learned
unconditioned stimulus
a new student who learns about classroom behavior by observing other students behavior is demonstrating
vicarious reinforcement
experienced indirectly through the experience of another person
vicarious reinforcement
act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other
discrimination
the process of studying something regularly so the learning is spread over several days or weeks
distributed learning
when it loses ability to bring about conditioned response
extinction
act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar
generalization
a child learning how to tie a shoe by watching her parents demonstrate how they tie theirs would be an example of
latent learning
learning that remains hidden until it is needed
latent learning
an effort to learn a great deal of information all at once
massed learning
form of observational learning in which people observe behavior and can later reproduce it
modeling
picking up new behaviors by imitating other people is known as
modeling
reinforcers intended to stop unwanted behavior from occuring
negative reinforcers
knowing the layout of your school or neighborhood simply because you walk around it on a daily basis is an example of
observational learning
the acquiring of knowledge by observing and imitating other people
observational learning
type of conditioning in which people and animals learn to behave in certain ways because of the results of what they do
operant conditioning
rewarding a behavior every fifth time it occurs is an example of what reinforcement
partial
being allowed to visit a friend because you have completed all of your chores is an example of
positive reinforcement
stimuli that increase the frequency of a behavior that they follow
positive reinforcers
effort to get a general picture of the material covered in a section of text before reading it
preview
reinforcers that function due to the biological makeup of an organism
primary reinforcer
unwanted events that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow
punishment
the relationship in quantity, amount, or size between two things
ratio
increases the frequency of behavior
reward
reinforcement includes...
rewards and punishments
outlines how often a behavior is reinforced.
schedule of reinforcement
money and social status are considered what reinforce because their values must be learned.
secondary
method of teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces small steps
shaping
organisms display responses to stimuli that had been extinguished earlier.
spontaneous recovery
use of relaxation techniques to help people overcome fears.
systematic desensitization
a process such as riding a bicycle can be learned as a series of steps that build on each other, which is called
chaining
method of learning in which each step of a sequence leads to another step until the final action is achieved.
chaining
Pavlov's experiments with dogs are an example of
classical conditioning
a simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth a response normally generated by a different stimulus
classical conditioning