Chapter 6

Which of the following is not a step in fractional distillation of crude oil?

Fractions are mixed with natural gas to enrich the hydrocarbon content

Which factor did not play a major role in the formation of fossil fuels from plant matter?

an abundance of sunlight

Ethanol

an alcohol with an -OH functional group

fuel

any solid, liquid, or gaseous substance that may be combusted (burned) to produce heat or work

The general term for plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural crops, or other biological material is

biomass

Energy

capacity to do work or produce change

Which of the following is not a "clean coal" technology already in use?

"Sequestration" to capture and store CO2 before it is emitted into the atmosphere

Which is an advantage of using coal over petroleum as a source of energy in the United States?

Coal reserves in the United States are far greater than petroleum reserves

When a molecular substance evaporates (passes from the liquid to the gas phase), the _____ within each molecule remain intact, but the _____ are broken.

covalent bonds; intermolecular attractions

During petroleum refining, catalysts play an extremely important role during the

cracking and reforming processes.

The process by which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors are condensed and collected is known as

distillation

Which of the following are forms of kinetic energy?

electrical energy

net efficiency (%)

electrical energy produced/heat from fuel x 100

kinetic energy

energy due to movement

Potential energy

energy due to position or composition

heat

energy that flows from a hotter to a colder object

work =

force x distance

ester functional group

found in oxygen in biodiesel molecules

Which is produced in the greatest amount from a barrel of petroleum?

gasoline

endothermic

heat is absorbed

exothermic

heat is released

The property of matter that determines the direction of heat flow is the

temperature

bond energy

the amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a chemical bond

Cracking is

the breaking of larger molecules into smaller ones.

The conclusion that it is impossible to completely convert heat into work without making other changes in the universe is

the concept that increasing entropy characterizes all changes in the universe and the second law of thermodynamics.

activation energy

the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction between reactants

The stronger the intermolecular forces(london dispersion forces)...

the higher the boiling point

boiling point

the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the ambient pressure

Soft lignite (brown coal) is the lowest grade of coal. Since it has undergone the least change since burial, its chemical composition—and hence its heat of combustion—is most similar to that of

wood

What are the biggest advantages of natural gas as a fuel source? Select all that apply. 1. It leaves no ash residue. 2. It produces almost no sulfur oxides. 3. It is more renewable than oil or coal. 4. It produces no greenhouse gases.

1 and 2

fossil fuels

1. petroleum/oil 2. natural gas 3. coal

Which of the following options correctly describe activation energy? Select all that apply. 1. The amount of activation energy is directly related to the energy given off by a reaction. 2. Lower activation energy generally results in faster reactions. 3. Increasing temperature allows more particles to have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. 4. Activation energy is affected only by the potential energies of the products and reactants, not the individual reaction steps.

2 and 3

How much more energy per gram does petroleum combustion yield relative to coal?

40%-60%

percent of fuel used

78.3% fossil fuels 2.6% nuclear power 19.1% renewable sources

distillation

A process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Law of Conservation of Energy.

How is heat energy used to generate electricity in a modern power plant?

Heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine

Volatility

How easy a liquid is transformed into its gaseous phase

During an energy conversion, what happens to the energy that is "lost"?

It becomes kinetic energy of random motion of the surrounding molecules.

Which is not a known advantage of natural gas over other fossil fuels?

It is far more abundant than any other fossil fuel

Units of heat

Joules or calories

What is the biggest limitation in the production of petroleum products?

The amount of easily recoverable deposits

How is a calorie defined?

The energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The entropy(randomness) of the universe is increasing

Hydrocarbons

The great majority of fuels, compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon; tetrahedral, 109 degrees

biodiesel

a biofuel generated from fats and oils

Temperature

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and/or molecules in a substance

catalytic reforming

involves the rearrangement of atoms within a molecule, usually starting with linear molecules and producing ones with more branches

work

is movement against a force

Which of the following is a proper use for a calorimeter?

measuring heat of a combustion

What compound makes up the majority of natural gas?

methane

isomers

molecules with the same molecular formula but different chemical structures

Combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with __________ to release energy and form products.

oxygen

The burning characteristics of a gasoline can be improved by converting the octane it contains into isooctane. This conversion requires the use of expensive catalysts such as

platinum and palladium.

The energy stored in the chemical bonds of fossil fuels is a form of __________ energy.

potential

When coal is burned in a power plant, __________ energy is converted into electricity, a form of kinetic energy.

potential

When oil is burned in a power plant, the _____ energy of the oil is converted into heat, which increases the _____ energy of the water. Multiple choice question.

potential; kinetic

forming bonds

releases energy (exothermic)

biofuels

renewable fuels derived from a biological source such as trees, grasses, or agricultural crops

breaking bonds

requires energy (endothermic)

Hydrocarbons with only ______ bonds between carbon atoms are called alkanes.

single

The Triple Bottom Line refers to benefits to:

society, economy, and the environment

Energy conversion can never be 100% efficient because _____.

some amount of potential energy is always dissipated as heat