Chapter 6 & 7

In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized when it ___________electrons in hydrogen atoms, and oxygen is reduced as it ____________ electrons in hydrogen atoms.

loses , gains

A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction __________.

loses electrons and becomes oxidized

Most ATP in eukaryotic cells is produced in the:

mitochondria

Each glucose molecule yields __________ molecule(s) of ATP during the citric acid cycle.

2

The net result of the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis and fermentation is the production of:

2 ATP

Each turn of the citric acid cycle generates one ATP molecule as well as which energy-rich molecules?

3 NADH and 1 FADH2

About how much ATP is produced by the metabolism of one molecule of glucose in cellular respiration?

32 molecules This is the number of molecules of ATP that are produced by glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

In aerobic respiration, the energy in 1 mole of glucose is capable of producing how many ATP molecules:

38 x (6.02 x 1023) molecules of ATP

A person's basal metabolic rate (BMR) is equal to about __________.

1,300-1,500 Calories/day

Given the relatively modest number of calories burned by any but the most vigorous activities, why can most people consume more than 2,000 kilocalories per day yet maintain a healthy body weight?

A large proportion of the energy consumed in food is needed to maintain the body's functions, so only a fraction of food energy needs to be burned in exercise.

In glycolysis, the activation of glucose is accomplished by:

ATP

As protons flow through the ______, energy is released and exploited to combine ADP and inorganic phosphate to form ATP.

ATP synthase

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is correct?

ATP to make ATP

In aerobic respiration carbohydrates are ultimately broken down into:

CO2

Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that harvest energy in the form of ATP from glucose and other organic molecules. What else is released?

CO2 and water are also released.

Which of the following statements regarding the reduction of CO2 to sugar during photosynthesis is correct?

Electrons (with accompanying protons) from water are transferred to CO2 during photosynthesis.

Why are wine barrels and beer fermentation vats designed to keep air out?

Facultative anaerobes prefer aerobic pathways.

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is INCORRECT?

Glycolysis became a universal cellular process about the time that significant levels of O2 appeared in the atmosphere. (Glycolysis is anaerobic and, hence, did not require oxygen.)

What is the role of the dehydrogenase enzyme at the beginning of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

It transfers two electrons from the glucose molecule to NAD+, reducing it to NADH.

Which stage of aerobic respiration produces ATP and NADH and releases CO2?

Krebs cycle

During fermentation, __________ that was produced during glycolysis is converted back to __________.

NADH; NAD+

The light reactions of photosynthesis yield __________. The Calvin cycle produces __________.

O2, ATP, NADPH; sugar, ADP, NADP+

Scientists used isotopes to identify the source of oxygen released during photosynthesis. What did they discover?

The O2 comes from water, not CO2

Applying/Analyzing 6.10 Evidence suggests that heat-generating brown fat is most active in __________.

babies and lean people exposed to cold temperatures

Oxidation and reduction always go together, as electron transfer requires

both a donor and an acceptor.

Let's look at the big picture here: Fueled by the ATP generated during cellular respiration, the intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, such as pyruvate and acetyl CoA, are siphoned off and used to __________.

build proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

Products of the Krebs cycle include:

carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2

Most ATP produced in aerobic respiration occurs in the process of:

chemiosmosis

The reduction of NADP+ to NADPH in the light reactions occurs with the assistance of __________.

electrons from water and energy from sunlight

What process regulates the rate of cellular respiration?

feedback inhibition

In the presence of oxygen, all cells synthesize ATP via the process of glycolysis. Many cells also can metabolize pyruvate if oxygen is not present, via the process of:

fermentation

Which stage of aerobic respiration requires ATP?

glycolysis

Sunlight is essential for the varied life on Earth because it provides __________.

he energy necessary to power the rearrangement of chemical bonds in H2O and CO2 (conversion of water and carbon dioxide to sugars.)

At what point in cellular respiration is the first molecule of CO2 produced?

in the reaction that creates acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) from pyruvate

Several _________________ are formed in a series of redox reactions, each of which is catalyzed by a different enzyme.

intermediates

Which of the following are photoautotrophs?

kelp, a large sea alga

Which stage of aerobic respiration requires CO2?

none of the above (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, fermentation)

Glycolysis begins with __________ and ends with __________.

one molecule of glucose, two molecules of pyruvate

An electron "donor" donates (loses) electrons, thereby becoming __________________

oxidized

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is:

oxygen

The high concentration of protons in the inner mitochondrial space relative to the mitochondrial matrix represents:

potential energy

What is the most important function of carotenoid pigments in plants?

protect cells from excess sunlight

In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. The energy released is used to __________.

pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane

In glycolysis the most reduced compound formed is:

pyruvate

Products of glycolysis include:

pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

Which of the following organelles can open or close? Thylakoids are found in the __________ of the chloroplast.

stomata; stroma

What "powers" ATP synthase, allowing it to catalyze the conversion of ADP to ATP in the presence of phosphate?

the flow of H+ ions down their concentration gradient.

Oxidative phosphorylation could not occur without glycolysis and the citric acid cycle because __________.

these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain.

Which of the following is the role of cellular respiration?

to harvest energy from organic molecules

Fat is the most efficient fuel molecule because __________.

with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons