Chapter 6: Connect

Adverse ____ ____ ____often persist long after the stressful event itself is no longer present and include poor performance on intellectual tasks and cognitive disruptions.

Aftereffects of stress

_____ is an example of a minor stressful event.

Being stuck in traffic

Which of the following is an important contributor to psychological distress and physical illness?

Chronic stress

_____ vary with socioeconomic status and are tied to poor health outcomes.

Chronic stressors

Minor stressful events are also called ______ ______

Daily hassles

True or false: Researchers who use life event inventories created by T. H. Holmes and R. H. Rahe assess whether stressful events have been successfully resolved.

False

Identify a stressful event with a low mean value of 11 on the social readjustment scale.

Minor violation of the law

What are the aftereffects of a stressful event? (Check all that apply.)

Shortened attention span and Psychological distress

Who are the pioneers of stress research who created an inventory of stressful life events by developing ratings of these events based on the amount of change the events cause?

T. H Holmes and R. H. Rahe

True or false: According to the American Psychological Association (2008), family responsibilities and economy are among the top stressors for people in the United States.

True

True or false: Children can be affected by their parents' work and family stressors.

True

True or false: The anticipation of a stressor can be as stressful as its actual occurrence.

True

_____ events are more stressful than predictable events.

Uncontrollable

What are the main stressors reported by people in the United States? (Check all that apply.)

Work, Family health problem, Money

The anticipation of a stressor can be _____.

as stressful as its actual occurrence

According to a research study, chronic stress can increase the risk of _____ among people.

cardiovascular diseases

Feelings of control not only mute the subjective experience of stress but also influence biochemical reactions to it, such as _____ responses.

catecholamine

Chronic socioeconomic status (SES)-related stress has been related to alterations in _____.

catecholamine levels

Vulnerable populations such as _____, show little adaptation to chronic stressors.

children and the elderly

When faced with clear-cut stressors, a person _____.

is able to find solutions easily

Negative events produce _____ compared to positive events.

more psychological distress

Negative events produce _____ than positive events.

more stress

The poor show a lower adaptation to chronic stressors in the environment because _____.

they have lesser control over their environments

According to T. H. Holmes and R. H. Rahe, _____.

when a person must adjust to a changing environment, the likelihood of stress increases

According to research, _____ are more distressed by adverse changes at home.

women

The tend-and befriend theory is especially true among _____.

women

_____ is a major life event that has a mean value of 100 on the social readjustment rating scale.

Death of a spouse

What are the positive effects of combining home and work responsibilities, especially for women? (Check all that apply.)

Improvement in self-esteem Better sense of self-efficacy

_____ are most at risk for health problems.

Single women raising children on their own

_______ is a negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects.

Stress

It is seen that even when _____ is short-term, it often compromises health habits.

acute stress

The phases of the general adaptation syndrome are _____.

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Research on early life adversity that can affect health across the lifespan into adulthood and old age grew out of the _____, which argues that major, chronic, or recurrent stress dysregulates stress systems, which, over time, produce accumulating risk for disease.

allostatic load view of stress

A way of studying stress is to _____ and then assess whether they get ill and how ill they get.

intentionally expose people to viruses

The fight-or-flight response is adaptive because _____.

it enables the organism to respond quickly to threats

Identify the chief factors that can stress children and adolescents. (Check all that apply.)

Rejection by a peer Academic failure

_____ is tied to role conflict and role ambiguity.

Elevated heart rate

Identify the conditions that are associated with unemployment. (Check all that apply.)

Elevated inflammation Compromised immune functioning

Identify the early risk factors of disease according to the allostatic load view of stress. (Check all that apply.)

Exposure to violence and Low socioeconomic status

Which of the following has been helpful in identifying who is most vulnerable to stress?

The acute stress paradigm

Identify a true statement about children who come from risky families.

They do not recognize nor respond to other people's emotions appropriately.

Identify a drawback of life event inventories created by T. H. Holmes and R. H. Rahe.

They do not take into account the individual differences in how stressful events are experienced.

Identify the factors which can be appraised in stressful events. (Check all that apply.)

Threat and Harm and Challenge

According to a research study, even daily commuting can affect daily _____ levels.

cortisol

Cognitive disruptions such as _____ are common after a stressful event

difficulty in concentration

True or false: Unlike life events, chronic stress is much easier to measure objectively.

false

When a person perceives that his or her resources will probably be sufficient to deal with the event but only with a lot of effort, he or she may _____.

feel a moderate amount of stress

Research studies show that men are more distressed by _____.

financial strain and work stress

_____ assess whether personal resources are sufficient to meet the demands of the environment.

Secondary appraisals

According to Repetti and colleagues, "risky families" are families that have _____.

high conflict or abuse and low warmth or nurturance

Working women who have children at home are known to have _____.

higher cardiovascular reactivity

The _______ _______ ________involves exposing people in a laboratory to short-term stressful events, and observing the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses.

Acute stress paradigm

Match the phases of the general adaptation syndrome (in the left column) to their appropriate descriptions (in the right column). Instructions

Alarm - The person becomes mobilized to meet the threat. Resistance - The person makes efforts to cope with the threat, through confrontation for example. Exhaustion - The person fails to overcome the threat and depletes his or her physiological resources in the process of trying.

Which of the following are tied to unemployment? (Check all that apply.)

High rates of depression Self-reported physical illness

_____ even when one is not aware that one is doing it, can keep heart rate and blood pressure at high levels.

Rumination

Why is research relating chronic stress to health outcomes difficult to conduct? (Check all that apply.)

Inventories that assess chronic strain may tap psychological distress and neuroticism and It is difficult to show that a particular chronic stressor is the factor that caused illness.

Identify the resultant effects of a chronic stressor. (Check all that apply.)

It can impair cardiovascular recovery. It can affect immune system recovery.

Identify a true statement about the acute stress paradigm.

It has shown that experiencing stress in the presence of a supportive person helps reduce stress responses.

Stress is a consequence of _______ __________, which occurs as a person is trying to understand what an event is and what it will mean.

Primary Appraisal

Working mothers are often known to experience _____.

greater role conflict

When a potential stressor is ambiguous, a person _____.

must devote a lot of time and energy to understand the stressor

People who live with chronic stress have _____ than others.

poorer health habits

According to the acute stress paradigm, people who experience stressful events show _____.

psychological distress

________ ________ occurs when a person receives conflicting information about work tasks or standards from different individuals.

role conflict

The fight-or-flight response can be harmful because _____.

stress disrupts emotional and physiological functioning

Stressful events that researchers focused on are called _____.

stressors

According to a research study, people who experience more stress are more likely to show a(n) _____ than people whose lives are less stressful.

stronger immune response

According to the _______-______-_______ theory, in addition to fight or flight, people and animals respond to stress with social affiliation and nurturant behavior toward the offspring.

tend-and-befriend