chapter 6

Which statement about B.F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning. The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

According to Albert Bandura, _____________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

In _______ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus automatically elicits a reflexive response. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called __________ reinforcement.

continuous

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

In _______ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays "dead" she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

In _________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

In operant conditioning, a consequence that decreases the likelihood of behavior is a:

punishment

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Although B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every 14 days. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Kiernan is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kiernan can say that _______ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Which of the following is an example of fixed ration reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

partial