Chapter 6: Fats and Other Lipids

Embolus

a blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream

What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?

a phosphorous and two fatty acids

Clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow is called ______.

a thrombus

_____ is a drug that, when consumed in excess can damage every system in the body

alcohol

Describe the digestion and absorption of alcohol

alcohol requires no digestion

A(n) ______ has an uncontrollable need to drink and is unable to limit his or her alcohol consumption

alcoholic

Trans fatty acid

allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

According to the Dietary Guidlines cholesterol intake should be

as little as possible

Most cases of heart disease and stroke result from

atherosclerosis

a condition that can inhibit the blood flow and permanently damage the kidneys, eyes, legs, heart, and brain

atherosclerosis

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake

between 20 and 35% of total calories

Why are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking?

helps keep mixtures from separating

_____ is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature

hydrogenation

Phospholipids contain a _____ portion, which attracts water, and a _____ portion, which repeals water

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

A condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk for cardio vascular disease is called

hypertension

omega-6

increase blood clotting and inflammation

A lipid compound containing a multi-ring structure is a(n)

sterol

____ fat is a layer of fat under the skin that stores energy, insulates the body against cold temperatures, protects against minor bruising, and contributes to the body's contours

subcutaneous

Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids?

trans

Short and medium-chain fatty acids

travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver

A _____ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol

triglyceride

A _____ is a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol

triglyceride

T/F: Alcohol's harmful effects may be amplified by certain medications

true

T/F: Long-chain fatty acids contain 14-24 carbons

true

An omega-3 fatty acid is

unsaturated

Fats are not soluble in

water

Outline the progression from a normal artery to an atherosclerotic one

- artery has smooth lining -cells within the wall deposit cholesterol and other substances to repair damage and inflammation -plaque roughens the surface of the artery and slows flow, making clots more likely to form -clots and plaque block the artery completely

List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system

-absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells -triglycerides are reassembled -triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons -chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

Which fatty acids are essential?

-alpha-linolenic acid -linoleic acid

the four major classes of lipoproteins are

-chlomicrons -high density lipoproteins -very low density lipoproteins -low density lipoproteins

Arteriosclerosis is described by which of the following

-contributes to the development of hypertension -commonly called "hardening of the arteries" -decreases flexibility of the artery

The most common forms of CVD in the US include

-coronary artery disease -stroke

List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack

-damage occurs in blood vessel lining -plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage -as plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity -pressure in artery is increased -clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack

Choose the dietary modifications that can reduce one's risk for cardiovascular disease.

-eat foods rich in fiber to reduce LDL cholesterol levels -avoid high intakes of sucrose or fructose which can elevate triglyceride levels- -drink small amounts of alcohol to raise HDL cholesterol levels

Excess body fat around the abdomen is associated with

-elevated triglycerides -elevated LDL cholesterol

Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include

-family history (genetics) -male sex -increasing age

List in order the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine

-fatty chime stimulates the release of cholecystokinin -cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum -pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molecules

When consuming a meal with alcohol, the alcohol can

-interfere with the absorption of nutrients -increase the excretion of magnesium -interfere with the storage of nutrients

Secretions from which two organs are required for the digestion of dietary lipids?

-liver -pancreas

What are some common signs of brain damage that can occur in the heavy drinker?

-memory loss -confusion

Which foods are rich in monounsaturated fats?

-olives -peanuts

by-products of phospholipid digestion

-phosphorous -glycerol -fatty acids

Which of the following statements is/are true about how an emulsifier works?

-prevents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules -isolating fat molecules

Consuming light to moderate amounts of alcohol can

-raise HDL cholesterol levels -decrease platelet stickiness -reduce blood levels of fibrinogen

Alcohol

-suppresses the production of ADH by the pituitary gland -causes the kidneys to excrete more urine

What information can be found on a Nutrition Facts panel?

-total fat -saturated fat -cholesterol

You just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides __ kilocalories from fat.

45

Free fatty acids

Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use

The lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissues and to the liver is

HDL

Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels?

Statins

Reducing your intake of fried food, consuming lean meats, using less salad dressing, and removing the skin before eating poultry are all diet plan suggestions to offer to someone who has ____ disease

cardiovascular

Cis fatty acid

causes the carbon chain to bend

A hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

cholecystokinin

A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is

cholesterol

Lipids or fats include

cholesterol

Symptoms of alcohol poisoning

confusion, bluish complexion, becoming comatose, vomiting

omega-3

decrease blood clotting and inflammation

What is an economical source of protein and many micronutrients, the most concentrated source of cholesterol in the typical American diet, hidden in many commonly eaten foods, and does not increase the general population's risk of cardiovascular disease?

eggs

______ fatty acids must be supplied to the diet, whereas ____ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet

essential; nonessential

T/F: A person with a blood cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl does not have a risk for atherosclerosis

false

T/F: Alcohol will improve performance because it will decrease anxiety

false

T/F: Phospholipids are only founs in fat cells

false

Adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of

fats as triglycerides

_____ acids can be saturated or unsaturated

fatty

Dietary fats in foods are often composed of

fatty acids

After heavy drinking, fat can accumulate in liver cells and cause a condition known as

fatty liver

Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process?

it produces trans fats

An enzyme called _____ plays an important role in fat digestion by breaking down lipids

lipase

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

lipids

The nutrient that contributes to rich flavor, smooth texture, and the appetizing aroma of food is

lipids

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

lipoprotein lipase

_____ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to the body tissues

lipoproteins

the main product of lipid digestion is

monoglycerides

_____ ______ is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule.

pancreatic lipase

A(n) _____ fatty acid has fewer bonds to share with hydrogen molecules because of the double bonds

polyunsaturated

Safflower, corn, soybean, and cottonseed oils are all rich in _____ fat. Diets high in this type of fat may lead to the reduction of total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL cholesterol

polyunsaturated

long-chain fatty acids

reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

Chylomicron

removed from circulation by the liver and recycles to make other lipoproteins and bile acids

_____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

saturated