CHAPTER 6: Formulating the Hypothesis

- a statement that is worded to that it is falsifiable, or disprovable, by experimental result/ research findings. - if you watch kitchenomics, you will become a good cook

Falsifiable Statement

- process of generalization - tasted a green apple which is sour, same with the second and third, reaching the conclusion that all green apples are sour.

Induction or Inductive reasoning

- the most useful way of finding hypotheses by working from research that has already been done. Sometimes, non-experimental studies can suggest cause and effect explanations that can be translated into experimental hypothesis. *prior experimental research is an excellent source of hypothesis. If you do not already have a specific hypothesis in mind, you will find the experimental literature useful in focusing your thinking on important issues. *past research will suggest additional variables that could mediate an effect demonstrated in an experiment.

Building on prior research

- more likely to be false (from what comes after experience—derived by reasoning from self- evident propositions). - likelihood of obtaining result that is extreme or more extreme than the actual value.

A posteriori

- a statement that is always true (Everyone's weight fluctuates/ changes a bit, whether dieting or not).

Analytical Statement

- thru induction we devise general principles and theories used to organize, explain and predict behavior until more satisfactory principles are found - thru deduction rigorously test the implications of those theories

Combining Induction and Deduction

- a statement that is always false- oppose each other.- need not to conduct experiment to test.- ex: he doesn't have a GF... cuz he's gay; doesn't have brothers cus he's the only child *A hypothesis meets the definition of synthetic statement when it can be stated in what is known as "IF... THEN... The statement can be true or false.

Contradictory Statements

- The amount of TV viewing will be directly related to vocabulary size.

Correlational

- First born with a four-month old sibling will show more imitative behavior than first born with one month old sibling (Diff stage of devt; diff group subjs).

Cross-sectional

- the process of reasoning from general principles to specific instances, most useful for testing the principles of theory. - deduce predictions about what should happen in new situations in a theory that applies. - ex: Equity theory—perceived fairness.

Deductive Model

- concluding section of the research report, used to integrate the experimental findings into the existing body of knowledge, showing how the current research advances knowledge, increase generalizability of known effect or contradicting past findings.

Discussion

- repressors will report fewer treatment related side effects than will non repressors.

Ex post facto

- A tentative explanations of an event or behavior; it is a statement that explains/predicts the effect of specified antecedent conditions on a measured behavior (propose one explanation that seems plausible/possible).

Experimental Hypothesis

- the primary resource for psychologists is PsycINFO, an online database published by the American Psychological Association.

Finding articles you need

- a statement that leads to a new (multitude) studies. -case of little Albert crying over the presence of harmless furry animals that will lead to...

Fruitful Statement

- refers to the thesis or main idea of an experiment or study consisting of a statement that predicts the relationship between at least two variables (conjecture, guess, hunch.- It is suggested answer to a problem formulated to explain observed facts to guide further investigation.

Hypothesis

- the process of reasoning from specific cases to more general principles to form a hypothesis (by examining individual instances, we may construct an over-all explanatory scheme to describe them). - ex: you may be a scorpio, silent type, seductive and very poisonous... - specific to general

Inductive Model

- beginning section or research that guides the reader toward a research, hypothesis includes a selective review, relevant, recent research.

Introduction

- the development of ideas from hunches, knowing directly without reasoning from objective data. - ex: we may believe intuitively that dogs can see colors; same with bull

Intuition

- First born children will show more imitative behaviors after the birth of a sibling (Same group at different points in time).

Longitudinal

- statistical reviewing procedure that uses data from many similar studies to summarize and quantify research findings about individual topics - ex: study of media violence on youth - examined cross sectional, cross lag panel, longitudinal..

Meta-analysis

- statement of predictions of how events, traits, or behaviors might be related, but not a statement about cause and effect relationship.

Non-Experimental Hypothesis

- incandescent lighting (Company A) will produce better performance than fluorescent lighting (Company B).

Non-equivalent groups

- self-esteem will be greater after exposure to a sublimal self-help tape than in was before the tape.

Pretest/Posttest

- a periodical that publishes individual research reports.

Psychological journal

- Serendipity is the knack of finding things that are not being sought. - chances/ accidents—it is not a matter of luck but also a matter of knowing enough to use an opportunity.

Serendipity and Windfall Hypothesis

- serendipity comes from the 18th century tale "The three princes of Serendip" by Horace Walpole, which describes the adventures of three princes who found many valuable things they were not seeking.

Serendipity and Windfall Hypothesis

- at statement that can either be true or false, a condition necessary to from an experimental hypothesis (one that can be supported or contradicted). - ex: hungry students read slowly; late sleepers are late comers

Synthetic statements

- statement that can be tested because the means exist for manipulating antecedent condition and for measuring the resulting behavior. - "have you ever wondered whether your dog also experiencing dreams?" - some may hypothesize that they exhibit behaviors corresponds to behaviors associated with dream reports in human like REM, etc

Testable Statements

- choose/pick a psychology journal from your library's shelves and just read through an issue. Chances are good that you will find an article that piques your interests in a topic area. - narrowing down the two broad areas you have selected to work on. *try observation, for hypotheses that comes from observing people behave in different places until testable hypothesis can be found. These are called Causal attribution kinds of antecedent conditions that affects people's behavior that comes naturally whether it is internal (dispositional) or external (situational) that could turn into a research hypothesis *When all fails, focus your attention into real world problem and try to figure out what causes it and eventually determine a solution that suggest itself *Set realistic goals for yourself, work on hypothesis that can ve tested in a relative time frame (feasible).

When all else fail

- from earlier experience; known to be true; something that can be known without experience or date. - ex: five is a prime number; brothers are male siblings - ex: if I know that people with eating disorders have low self-esteem, then I can predict that a student who have recently developed an eating disorder will also have low self-esteem

a priori