Chapter 6 Human Population

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

Rule of 70

A method for determining the number of years it will take for some measure to double, given its annual percentage increase. Example: To determine the number of years it will take for the price level to double, divide 70 by the annual rate of inflation.

Environmental refugee

A person who has been displaced by rising seas, destructive storms, expanding deserts, water shortages, or high levels of toxic pollutants.

Stable population

Balanced age structure; slow growth

The baby boomers will be retiring, and to offset the loss 10.8 million immigrants would need to come into the U.S. each year

By 2020 we will need to immigrate a much higher population to balance the Baby Boom that are 65+. Explain.

Logistic growth

Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth

Exponential growth

Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

Expanding rapidly population

Guatemala, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia

Less poverty would lead to access to birth control, educating and empowering women would encourage them to work and therefore have fewer children

How can the reduction of poverty and empowering women help countries slow their population growth?

Prevents many unwanted births

How does family planning help stabilize a population?

It removes young adults and leaves many children orphaned. Many of the orphans have HIV because it is passed down. In Africa, there is a sharp drop in average life expectancy because 15-26% of the country is infected

How has AIDS affected the age structure of countries? In Africa?

one child policy, ended in 2015. Promoted sterilization, abortions and birth control.

How has China limited population growth?

They have all gone up, leading to a higher per capita resource use

How has life expectancy, women working outside the home, high school graduates, etc. changed in the last 100 years? Why is this important?

They lead to echo booms with the boomers are in their reproductive ages

How have baby booms influenced the world's population?

Rapidly-76 mil in 1900 to 310 mil in 2000

How is the USA growing?

1 million per year. People have to escape from water or food shortages, drought, flooding or other environmental crises. These problems are getting worse because of overpopulation

How is the number of environmental refugees growing? Why?

9,000

How many cars were in the US in 1907?

20%

How many people were literate in 1907?

25% This means 25% of the current population will have babies, further contributing to overpopulation

How many people will be in prime reproductive years by 2015? Why is this a problem? How will this affect the future of our planet?

1/3 (900,000 legal)

How much growth in the USA is due to immigration?

IPAT

Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology

3.7 children per women (due to baby boom)

In 1957, what was the average TFR?

Demography

Scientific study of human populations.

Low stationary

Stage 4. Low birth rate, low death rate, longer life expectancy. Higher dependency ratio

Contracting/declining

Stage 5. More deaths than births. Pyramid is top heavy

High stationary

Stage one, high birth rates and low life expectancy

Late expanding

Stage three. Declining birth rate, low death rate. More people living to old age

Early expanding stage

Stage two. High birth rate, longer life expectancy

Thailand has lowered its birth rate quickly - and substantially - thanks to the creativity of family planning approaches, the openness of the Thai people to new ideas, and the willingness of the government to work with the Population and Community Development Association (PDA), a private non-profit organization and the largest nongovernmental agency in Thailand

Thailand Population Control Plan

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Biotic Potential

The maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions

Crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

Infant mortality rate

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.

declining population

The reduction of a country's population over time as result of many factors e.g. low birth rate, high death rate, high emigration, disease, famine, war.

-Humans developed the ability to expand into almost all of the planet's climate zones and habitats -Emergence of early and modern agriculture allowed us to grow more food for each unit of land area farmed -Death rates dropped sharply because of improved sanitation, healthcare, and development of antibiotics and vaccines

Three factors that account for rapid population growth over the past 200 years?

Expanding slowly population

United States, Australia, China

Shortages of skilled workers Lack of financial capital Large debts to developed countries Drop in economic assistance from developed countries

What factors could hinder lesser developed countries from making a demographic transition?

A period of time in which a significant number of babies are born

What is a Baby Boom?

Plot of a given population's percentage of males and females in the three age categories (prereproductive, reproductive and postreproductive)

What is an age structure pyramid?

It provides educational and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them

What is family planning?

The population will triple (17% of the total population will be seniors)

What is going to happen to senior citizens by 2050? Is this a problem? (In the U.S.)

9.5 billion

What is the estimated population for 2050?

China, India, US

What is the largest country by population? Second? Third?

Pneumonia Tuberculosis Diarrhea

What were the three leading causes of death in the US in 1907?

Japan, Italy and Greece. This is a problem because once those workers retire, immigrants will need to be brought in for balance

Which three countries have the largest population of people over 65? Is this a problem?

A country with a large percentage of its people younger than age 15 will experience rapid population growth unless death rates rise sharply

Why are age structure pyramids important in determining a country's population in the future?

-Generally inadequate health care for poor women during pregnancy and for their babies after birth -Drug addiction among pregnant women -High birth rate among teenagers

Why does the USA have lower life expectancy and higher infant mortality rate than other more developed countries?

People in less developed countries have a lot of children, but their life expectancies are shorter.

Why is the growth unevenly distributed?

Death rate

# of deaths per year/total population

Birth rate

#of births per year/total population

population change

(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Transition stage

Resources are reduced and become limiting in the growth of the population (second stage)

prereproductive age

0-14

Reproductive age

15-44

Pre-industrial stage

1st stage in Demographic Transition Model • Birth rates are higher due to infant & maternal mortality, lack of family planning, religious beliefs • Death rates are higher b/c disease, famine, drought, lack of health care & edu

postreproductive age

45+

-reducing biodiversity -increasing use of net primary productivity -increasing genetic resistance in pest species and disease-causing bacteria -eliminating natural predators -introducing harmful species into natural communities -using renewable resources faster then they can be replenished -disrupting natural chemical cycling and energy flow -relying on fossil fuels

8 ways in which we have used technology to alter nature to meet our growing needs and wants

Expanding population

A country with a high birth rate and many young children in its population pyramid. The broad base indicates that the population is growing rapidly.

China implemented the one-child policy. It decreased the birth rates, but it also had dangerous consequences: women were getting botched abortions if they found out the fetus was female, thieves were stealing male babies

China Population Control Plan

Thailand's population control plan worked the best because it encouraged family planning. While China's decreased birth rates, it had dangerous consequences.

Compare India, China and Thailand's population control plans. Which one worked? Why?

Declining population

Germany, Bulgaria, Russia

Average number of children that couples in a population must bear to replace themselves, higher than 2 b/c some children die before childbearing age vs. average number of children born to women in their reproductive years

Distinguish between replacement fertility rate and total fertility rate (TFR). How have they changed?

Number of live births per 1000 population vs. number of deaths per 1000 population

Distinguish between the crude birth rate and crude death rate

survivorship curve

Graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.

61 years

Earth's current doubling time

1.14%

Earth's current growth rate

Life expectancy Married women working outside the home High school graduates Homes with flush toilets Homes with electricity People living in suburbs Hourly manufacturing job wage Homicides per 100,000 people

Eight lifestyle changes in the USA that lead to a rise in per capita resource use

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

they started national family planning in 1952 but went from 400 million to 1.2 billion. Many young people that will soon reproduce and create more rapid growth. will be most populated country in world soon. many not employed and destitute, a good chunk in middle class

India Population Control plan

stable population

Japan, Italy, Greece

Demographic transition

Movement from a high birth rate, high death rate to a low birth rate, low death rate.

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

-Importance of children as part of the labor force (especially in developing countries) -Average rate at marriage (women typically have fewer children when their average age at marriage is 25+) -Availability of legal abortions -Availability of birth control -Religious beliefs, traditions and cultural norms (sometimes favor large families bc the religion is against birth control and abortions) -Cost of raising and educating children -Infant deaths (in areas with low infant mortality rates, women tend to have fewer children because fewer children die at an early age) -Urbanization -Educational and employment opportunities for women

Nine factors that affect birth rates and fertility rates

Age structure

Percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.

(Births+immigrations)-(Deaths+emigrations)

Population change formula

These factors have changed significantly today. The leading causes of death are no longer life-threatening because we have new medicine. The literacy rate has increased drastically because more children are in school. There are more cars now, making it easier to go to work, but also contributing to global warming.

Why were the 1907 factors significant? (leading causes of death, literacy rate, and number of cars)

Emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

Demographer

one who studies the characteristics of populations and analyzes data such as numbers, births, deaths, diseases, and other vital statistics

Intrinsic Rate of Increase

rate at which the population of a species would grow if it had unlimited resources

r-strategist

reproduce early in life; many small unprotected offspring

k-strategist

reproduce late in life; few offspring; care for offspring

Post-industrial stage

the fourth and final stage of the demographic transition model, in which both birth and death rates have fallen to a low level and remain stable there, and populations may even decline slightly

Cultural Carrying Capacity

the maximum number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely, without decreasing the ability of the earth to sustain future generations.

Birth rate

the number of births in a population in a certain amount of time

Replacement-level fertility

the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing)

Family planning

the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control

Industrial stage

the third stage of the demographic transition model, characterized by falling birth rates that close the gap with falling death rates and reduce the rate of population growth

Demographic momentum

this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.