Chapter 6 Human Population
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
Life expectancy
A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
Rule of 70
A method for determining the number of years it will take for some measure to double, given its annual percentage increase. Example: To determine the number of years it will take for the price level to double, divide 70 by the annual rate of inflation.
Environmental refugee
A person who has been displaced by rising seas, destructive storms, expanding deserts, water shortages, or high levels of toxic pollutants.
Stable population
Balanced age structure; slow growth
The baby boomers will be retiring, and to offset the loss 10.8 million immigrants would need to come into the U.S. each year
By 2020 we will need to immigrate a much higher population to balance the Baby Boom that are 65+. Explain.
Logistic growth
Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth
Exponential growth
Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate
Expanding rapidly population
Guatemala, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia
Less poverty would lead to access to birth control, educating and empowering women would encourage them to work and therefore have fewer children
How can the reduction of poverty and empowering women help countries slow their population growth?
Prevents many unwanted births
How does family planning help stabilize a population?
It removes young adults and leaves many children orphaned. Many of the orphans have HIV because it is passed down. In Africa, there is a sharp drop in average life expectancy because 15-26% of the country is infected
How has AIDS affected the age structure of countries? In Africa?
one child policy, ended in 2015. Promoted sterilization, abortions and birth control.
How has China limited population growth?
They have all gone up, leading to a higher per capita resource use
How has life expectancy, women working outside the home, high school graduates, etc. changed in the last 100 years? Why is this important?
They lead to echo booms with the boomers are in their reproductive ages
How have baby booms influenced the world's population?
Rapidly-76 mil in 1900 to 310 mil in 2000
How is the USA growing?
1 million per year. People have to escape from water or food shortages, drought, flooding or other environmental crises. These problems are getting worse because of overpopulation
How is the number of environmental refugees growing? Why?
9,000
How many cars were in the US in 1907?
20%
How many people were literate in 1907?
25% This means 25% of the current population will have babies, further contributing to overpopulation
How many people will be in prime reproductive years by 2015? Why is this a problem? How will this affect the future of our planet?
1/3 (900,000 legal)
How much growth in the USA is due to immigration?
IPAT
Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
3.7 children per women (due to baby boom)
In 1957, what was the average TFR?
Demography
Scientific study of human populations.
Low stationary
Stage 4. Low birth rate, low death rate, longer life expectancy. Higher dependency ratio
Contracting/declining
Stage 5. More deaths than births. Pyramid is top heavy
High stationary
Stage one, high birth rates and low life expectancy
Late expanding
Stage three. Declining birth rate, low death rate. More people living to old age
Early expanding stage
Stage two. High birth rate, longer life expectancy
Thailand has lowered its birth rate quickly - and substantially - thanks to the creativity of family planning approaches, the openness of the Thai people to new ideas, and the willingness of the government to work with the Population and Community Development Association (PDA), a private non-profit organization and the largest nongovernmental agency in Thailand
Thailand Population Control Plan
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
Biotic Potential
The maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions
Crude death rate
The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.
Infant mortality rate
The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.
declining population
The reduction of a country's population over time as result of many factors e.g. low birth rate, high death rate, high emigration, disease, famine, war.
-Humans developed the ability to expand into almost all of the planet's climate zones and habitats -Emergence of early and modern agriculture allowed us to grow more food for each unit of land area farmed -Death rates dropped sharply because of improved sanitation, healthcare, and development of antibiotics and vaccines
Three factors that account for rapid population growth over the past 200 years?
Expanding slowly population
United States, Australia, China
Shortages of skilled workers Lack of financial capital Large debts to developed countries Drop in economic assistance from developed countries
What factors could hinder lesser developed countries from making a demographic transition?
A period of time in which a significant number of babies are born
What is a Baby Boom?
Plot of a given population's percentage of males and females in the three age categories (prereproductive, reproductive and postreproductive)
What is an age structure pyramid?
It provides educational and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them
What is family planning?
The population will triple (17% of the total population will be seniors)
What is going to happen to senior citizens by 2050? Is this a problem? (In the U.S.)
9.5 billion
What is the estimated population for 2050?
China, India, US
What is the largest country by population? Second? Third?
Pneumonia Tuberculosis Diarrhea
What were the three leading causes of death in the US in 1907?
Japan, Italy and Greece. This is a problem because once those workers retire, immigrants will need to be brought in for balance
Which three countries have the largest population of people over 65? Is this a problem?
A country with a large percentage of its people younger than age 15 will experience rapid population growth unless death rates rise sharply
Why are age structure pyramids important in determining a country's population in the future?
-Generally inadequate health care for poor women during pregnancy and for their babies after birth -Drug addiction among pregnant women -High birth rate among teenagers
Why does the USA have lower life expectancy and higher infant mortality rate than other more developed countries?
People in less developed countries have a lot of children, but their life expectancies are shorter.
Why is the growth unevenly distributed?
Death rate
# of deaths per year/total population
Birth rate
#of births per year/total population
population change
(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)
Baby Boom
A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.
Transition stage
Resources are reduced and become limiting in the growth of the population (second stage)
prereproductive age
0-14
Reproductive age
15-44
Pre-industrial stage
1st stage in Demographic Transition Model • Birth rates are higher due to infant & maternal mortality, lack of family planning, religious beliefs • Death rates are higher b/c disease, famine, drought, lack of health care & edu
postreproductive age
45+
-reducing biodiversity -increasing use of net primary productivity -increasing genetic resistance in pest species and disease-causing bacteria -eliminating natural predators -introducing harmful species into natural communities -using renewable resources faster then they can be replenished -disrupting natural chemical cycling and energy flow -relying on fossil fuels
8 ways in which we have used technology to alter nature to meet our growing needs and wants
Expanding population
A country with a high birth rate and many young children in its population pyramid. The broad base indicates that the population is growing rapidly.
China implemented the one-child policy. It decreased the birth rates, but it also had dangerous consequences: women were getting botched abortions if they found out the fetus was female, thieves were stealing male babies
China Population Control Plan
Thailand's population control plan worked the best because it encouraged family planning. While China's decreased birth rates, it had dangerous consequences.
Compare India, China and Thailand's population control plans. Which one worked? Why?
Declining population
Germany, Bulgaria, Russia
Average number of children that couples in a population must bear to replace themselves, higher than 2 b/c some children die before childbearing age vs. average number of children born to women in their reproductive years
Distinguish between replacement fertility rate and total fertility rate (TFR). How have they changed?
Number of live births per 1000 population vs. number of deaths per 1000 population
Distinguish between the crude birth rate and crude death rate
survivorship curve
Graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.
61 years
Earth's current doubling time
1.14%
Earth's current growth rate
Life expectancy Married women working outside the home High school graduates Homes with flush toilets Homes with electricity People living in suburbs Hourly manufacturing job wage Homicides per 100,000 people
Eight lifestyle changes in the USA that lead to a rise in per capita resource use
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.
they started national family planning in 1952 but went from 400 million to 1.2 billion. Many young people that will soon reproduce and create more rapid growth. will be most populated country in world soon. many not employed and destitute, a good chunk in middle class
India Population Control plan
stable population
Japan, Italy, Greece
Demographic transition
Movement from a high birth rate, high death rate to a low birth rate, low death rate.
Immigration
Movement of individuals into a population
-Importance of children as part of the labor force (especially in developing countries) -Average rate at marriage (women typically have fewer children when their average age at marriage is 25+) -Availability of legal abortions -Availability of birth control -Religious beliefs, traditions and cultural norms (sometimes favor large families bc the religion is against birth control and abortions) -Cost of raising and educating children -Infant deaths (in areas with low infant mortality rates, women tend to have fewer children because fewer children die at an early age) -Urbanization -Educational and employment opportunities for women
Nine factors that affect birth rates and fertility rates
Age structure
Percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.
(Births+immigrations)-(Deaths+emigrations)
Population change formula
These factors have changed significantly today. The leading causes of death are no longer life-threatening because we have new medicine. The literacy rate has increased drastically because more children are in school. There are more cars now, making it easier to go to work, but also contributing to global warming.
Why were the 1907 factors significant? (leading causes of death, literacy rate, and number of cars)
Emigration
movement of individuals out of an area
Demographer
one who studies the characteristics of populations and analyzes data such as numbers, births, deaths, diseases, and other vital statistics
Intrinsic Rate of Increase
rate at which the population of a species would grow if it had unlimited resources
r-strategist
reproduce early in life; many small unprotected offspring
k-strategist
reproduce late in life; few offspring; care for offspring
Post-industrial stage
the fourth and final stage of the demographic transition model, in which both birth and death rates have fallen to a low level and remain stable there, and populations may even decline slightly
Cultural Carrying Capacity
the maximum number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely, without decreasing the ability of the earth to sustain future generations.
Birth rate
the number of births in a population in a certain amount of time
Replacement-level fertility
the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing)
Family planning
the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control
Industrial stage
the third stage of the demographic transition model, characterized by falling birth rates that close the gap with falling death rates and reduce the rate of population growth
Demographic momentum
this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.
